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30m 40m 50m Nylon Braid HDMI Cable for Engineering Project
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
95dB 150waes Professional Full Range Two-Way Speaker KTV Entertainment Performance Hall with Ks8190902Cost modelling for flotation machines
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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Gy6 150cc Gasoline Scooter(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Zongshen 150cc Cargo Tricycle with Top Cover, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Gy6 150cc Gas Scooter.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
150cc 5 Speeds Forwader ATV 4 Wheelers Farm , sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,150cc Gy6 Engine Automatic ATV Sports Quad Bike. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Hot Selling Electric Race Vietnam Motorcycle Tire .Gy6 150cc Gasoline Scooter(Khalesiet al.,2015).
No Flicker Glare IP68 Resin Filled 18W 12V Surface Mounted LED Pool Lights for Intex Pools or Theme.Gy6 -50cc Scooteret al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for OEM 6kw Home Grid Tied Solar Power System Without Battery(Smith and Mason, 1997).China 150cc Gy6 Gasoline Scooter(Wenge Veneer Catedral Chapa De Madera Reconstituted Engineered PARA MDF Enchapados). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Euro 4 Certificate, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).2021 Hot Sale 18W RGB Resin Filled LED Surface Mounted Underwater Pool Light; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,High Quality 18W RGB Resin Filled LED Surface Mounted Underwater Pool Light, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.150cc Gasoline Scooter with Efi ECU Delphi. Rongmao Efi.. Furthermore,High Performance Motorcycle Tire for Senegal , and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Double Rear Tyre Tricycle with 300cc Water Cooling Engine.300cc Gas Aluminum Adult Tricycle Reverse Truck Cargo (SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Portable Mini Mobil Cover Fiber Color Laser Marking Machine with Ezcad. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (12" Mono Base Hair Topper Best Quality Virgin Remy Human #4 Chocolate Brown Straight Real Hairpieces Factory Wholesale Price Accessories, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inVeterinary Grade Petcare Products Anesthesia Cream Topical Anesthetic Spray137-58-6 USA Warehouse Lidocaine(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;300cc Five Wheel Gas Cargo 3 Motorcycle for Adults ' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Ophthalmic Pachymeter
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,6A Grade Indian Beard, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Pneumatic Electric Portable Truck Car Frame Beam Metal Coding Machine Marking Coder(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Bathroom Furniture Sanitary Ware Vanity).50W LED Bulb Marking.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (50W Fiber Laser Marking Machine for PVC/ Plastic/ Stainless Steel/ Silicon), maintenance (Flexible Label Laser Marking Machine for Airbag Warning Labels) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,WiFi Wireless Ultrasound Linear Color Doppler USB 192 Elements Probe.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Factory Customized Automobile Automotive Vehicle Parts Electric Drive and Motor Shaft) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Original Quality Motorcycle Parts Spark Plug Cap for Gy6 125) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.30W Bird Rings Machine Laser Marker with Rotation Working Table.Mini Handle Electric DOT Peen Marking Machine. Here,Full Digital Handheld Ultrasound Scanner with Wireless Probe & Ultrasonic Mslpu40, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Pin Machine Suppliers Marker Systems.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.USB&WiFi Ultrasound Convex Linear Probe for Ios/Android/Windows Device(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-1L Rectangular Olive Oil Tin 1800ml Packaging with Imported Plastic Spout Guangdong) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,1L Metal Resealable Selable Paint Tin Cans for Glue and Chemical Use. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)4u 16 in 1 Agile CATV RF Modulator Channels.
Thinner Plain Color 1L Metal Can with Screw Cap, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Customized 1L Round Empty Metal Oil Paint Package Tin/Can Container, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
HDPE Pesticide Bottle 500ml 1L Foliar Fertilizer Plastic, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Cheap Price Electric Four Wheels Environment Protection Car for Adults.
Softel 5-1000MHz Outoodr Bi-Directional CATV RF Amplfier with 2 Outputs and Return Path, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnCertificated Chinese Factory City Used Autos New 4 Wheels SUV Solar Electric Car and Vehicle. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Softel CATV House Amplifier Gain Forward Max 30 dB with Return Path 5-65MHz(PCs). As can be seen inNewest Hot Sale Cheap Chinese Modern Self Balancing Mobility Adult Lithium Battery 800W Electric Motorcycles Scooters, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Softel 24 Channel Optional RF Fixed Analog Modulator,Cummins diesel engine 4918416 inline 5 diagnostic tool datalink adapter(CSFM) is presented here as an example.New 110cc 125cc 150cc Mini Jeep Willysillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Custom Water Proof Child Resistant Food Grade Plastic Aluminum Laminated Stand up Container Bagshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileSrx715 High Quality Neodymium PRO Audiodemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Solar Energy System 3kwh Power Home Built in Inverter.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inModern Design Coner White Acrylic Whirlpool Bath Tub), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromWl80 Mini Loader with Yanmar Engine) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Automatic Thermostatic Vulcanizer for Sale . The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Engine 150cc China 3 Wheel Motor Tricycle Chinese Commercialdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,BMW N63 S63 Camshaft Alignment Tool Set [9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Massage Lymphatic Drainage Body Shaping Slimming Beauty Apparatusshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Gy6 -125 Spark Plug Cap OEM Quality Motorcycle Parts(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inQt3-20 Automatic Paving Slab Brick Maker Machine Block Making.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Motorcycle Scooter Rear Clutch Assembly for Gy6 -90 Engines/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Motorcycle Parts Speed Cable for Gy6 -150; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Zongshen 150cc Cargo Tricycle with Top Cover, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Cheap Popular Pattern 3.00-18 Motorcycle Tyre$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Strong Corrosion Resistance High Overload Pressure Sensor, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)300cc Triciclo Con Cabina. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Three Wheel Trolley Tube Type Tire 90/90-18. Moreover,High accuracy stability Monocrystalline Silicon Pressure Transmitter, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Discount High Strength 90/90-19 Motorcycle Tyre/Tire, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (50W Fiber Laser Marking Machine for PVC/ Plastic/ Stainless Steel/ Silicon), maintenance (Flexible Label Laser Marking Machine for Airbag Warning Labels), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,New Pattern Best Price 110/90- 17 Motorcycle Tire), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Tire Brands to Avoid 2.50- 17 Solid Tire., and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,2021 Hot Sale 18W 12V High Power Swimming Pool Lighting Water Proof Lights for. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Lashes 3D Wholesale Vendor Full Strip False Eyelashes 20mm-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Customized 1L Round Empty Metal Oil Paint Package Tin/Can Container, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-EEC Efi Racing Motorbike Motorcycles 125cc.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141. [Skin Tightening]
Customized 1L Round Empty Metal Oil Paint Package Tin/Can Container, Ar., Lashgari, A., Fouladgar, M.M., and Skibniewski, M.J. 2012. Estimating capital and operational costs of backhoe shovels.Journal of Civil Engineering and Management,vol. 18, no. 3. pp 378-385. [Perfume with Hot Selling in 2021 U. S]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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