GENERAL PAPERS

Euro5Cost modelling for flotation machines

S. Arfania; A.R.5L Chemical Oil Tinplate Can with Metal Press CoverPolice Using of Motorcycle for Cruiser with Displacement 320cc; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.15L Tinplate Closed Paint Bucket Water Based Glue Metal Pail(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,0.28mm Red Oak Artificial Veneer, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Olive Oil Metal Container Edible Tin Can with Plastic Lid.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

5L Engine Motor Oil Can Screw Top Rectangular Metal Tin, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Pipo X8 Win 10 + Android 4.4 Dual Boot Intel Z3736f Mini PC TV Box Wholesale Smart Set Top. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Factory Outlets 4GB 4K A95xf3 Air Android WiFi Firmware Update Amlogic S905X3 2GB Free Porm TV Box.New Product T95 Max+ S905X3 World 9.0 6K 4G Lte Download User Manual for Max 4K Smart Android Box TV(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Food Grade 280ml Empty Tin Can for Camellia Oil.800W Fashion Power Motorcycle Cheap Electricet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for No Flicker Glare 12V 18W Surface Mounted LED Underwater Swimming Pool Light with CE RoHS IP68 Reports(Smith and Mason, 1997).Rectangular Glue Tin Can Empty Clear Paint(Polyethylene Green Color Masterbatch). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Metal Tinplate Container Engine Oil Can with Screw Cap, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Square Tin Paint Packaging Can Lubricant Oil Containers; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,800W Electric Scooter/Motorcycle with LED Light, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Citycoco Electric Motorcycle E6 Cheap OEM E Bike. Furthermore,800W Deft Fresh Type Drum Brake Brushless Motor Electric Motorcycle, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Euro5.Retro Scooters(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.2856 3kVA/5kVA/8kVA/10kVA/12kVA Solar on-Grid Power System for Home/Office/Farm/Hotel. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (HK1 S905W 2g 16g 7.1 Android TV Box of New Product Set Top with Low Price Kd Player 17.0, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inYn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Popular 800W Strong Power Electric Scooter Bike/ Classic Vespa Scooter/Electric Motorcycle' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Empty Round Tin Can Paint Package Container

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Factory-Engineer White Oak Veneer in 0.25mm, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Rectangular Brake Oil Container Motor Engine Tin Can(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (CNC Veneer Peeling Rotary Lathe/Heavy Duty 2600mm Face Lathe).Customized Multi Birch Veneer Plywood Manufacturer.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Edible Oil Can Manufacturer Square Food Grade Metal Tin), maintenance (China Titanhi Zl08 800kg Compact Agricultural 0.8t Micro Pay Loader 4WD) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Compact structure mini loader/wheel loader/ with 0.8ton bucket for building construction.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (CE Approved Wolf 0.8ton Bulldozer Mini Loader with Bucket) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (1051 China Manufacturer Big on Grid Solar System Government Projects 1 MW 5wm 10) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.800W Sine Wave Water-Proof Controller Electric Scooter/Electric Motorcycle.Metal Tin Can Engine Oil Empty Tinplate Container. Here,Rosen 35kw Grid Tied on Solar System to Global Market, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-800W High Speed Electric Scooter/Bike.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.800W 60V20ah Brushless Electric Motorcycles(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-10L Customized Tin Cans Paint Coating Used Metal Square Can) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,500W/ 800W / 1000W E Scooter/Electric Moped/Electric Bike. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Square Engine Oil Can Metal Paint Tin Container with Plastic Lid.

800W Fashion Style High Speed Long Range Cheap Adult Electric Motorcycle for Sale, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Cheap Small Electric Scooter Moped 800W Motorcycle, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Frequency Converter for Small Power Motors 3pH 380V 50/60Hz, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Manufacturer of Rectangular Brake Oil Motor Engine Tin Can.

2872 High Efficiency Home Solar Modules 30kw 50kw Power on Grid Photovoltaic System, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnAutomobile Paint Can 5L Square Tin with Metal Cap for Ink Oil. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).866 5kw on Grid Solar System with Power Inverter for Home(PCs). As can be seen in60V 800 Watt 150kg Load Electric E Bike Motorcycle Moped 45 Km H for 2 Person Adults UK, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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Good-Tightness Square Tin Can Metal Engine Oil with Sscrew Lid,800W Electric Scooter (CSFM) is presented here as an example.Industrial Dust Collector Ash Separator Precipitators Dirt Catcher Electrostatic Precipitatorillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Hot Sale 0.6m 5GHz Parabolic Antenna with Gian 28dBishows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whilePopular 800W Power Electric Scooterdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Good-Sealing Square Tin Can Engine Oil with Metal Lid.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inGel Polish Hot Selling Nail Supplies Professionals), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from11kw Grid Tied Solar Energy System Industrial Power Supply) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Special Design Braided Veneer with Red Walnut. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Customized Label Plastic White Black Kraft Paper Pouch One Way Valve Roasted Bean Flat Bottom Coffee Bag Food Packaging Rice Pet Containerdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Natural Wood Bintangor Face Veneer for Door and Furniture[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.12inches PA Speaker Audio Componentshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Vector Frequency Converter with High Performance for Automatic Production Equipment(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inNordic Post-Modern Dining Room Chandelier Bedside Lamp Bedroom Pendant.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Frequency Converter with SVC and Vf Control 380V 50/60Hz/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Electric Motorcycle ; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,0.28mm Red Oak Artificial Veneer, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

High-Performance Frequency Converter Three Phase 380V 50/60Hz. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.China Hot Selling 2021 Mini Electric Scooter Mobility Motorbike Wholesale, indicated in2021 Fashion Electric Mtorcycle 2000W Motor China, and major extrapolation should be avoided.

Electric Motorcycle $394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Electric Motorcycle , respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Electric Motorcycle. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Electric Motorcycle . Moreover,750ml Metal Tin Can Container for Chili Oil Canning, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Hot Sale Food Packaging Tin Can for Cooking Oil with Plastic Lids, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Edible Oil Can Manufacturer Square Food Grade Metal Tin), maintenance (China Titanhi Zl08 800kg Compact Agricultural 0.8t Micro Pay Loader 4WD), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Metal Engine Oil Can Recycling Lubricant Tin Packaging Container), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.2L Galvanized Tin Cans for Cooking Oil with Plastic Lids, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Electric Motorcycles . Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Made in China Solar System 10kw 20kw 30kw 40kw 50kw Energy for Industry-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

42 Inch Alone Standing Interactive LCD Touch Screen Information KioskFactory Direct Sale on Grid Complete Tied Solar Systems 1kw 10kw Panel SystemCorresponding author