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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Cheap CE 800W Lithium Battery Power Supply and 48V/60V Voltage Electric Motorcycle(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,5HP 50Hz 60Hz 3.7kw 3 Phase VFD Variable Frequency Drive for Motor, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.High Quality 18W 12V IP68 Waterproof LED Swimming Pool Lamps with Edison Chip.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

50Hz 60Hz 220V/380V Vector Control AC Variable Frequency Drive, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,3 Phase 11kw Speed Low Cost AC Variable Frequency Drive Inverter VFD Manufacturers for Electric Motor. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Triple Phase 380V 50Hz 60Hz 7kw AC Variable Frequency Converter.Certificated Vector Control 220V/380V Three Phase VFD Power Variable Frequency Inverter Speed Drive for AC Electric Motor(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Growatt Solar Inverter 17kw 20kw 25kw Grid Tied Three Phase on Power System.No Flicker Glare 18watt Warm White PC Resin Filled Wall Mounted Swimming Pool Lights with Edison LED Chipet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Wrinkle Removal Super RF Beauty Machine(Smith and Mason, 1997).No Flicker Glare RGB Swimming Pool Lighting Waterproof LED Light for Intex Pools or Theme(Wholesale 8inch 10inch 12 Inch 15inch DJ Speakers Professional Stage Audio). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)TUV Certificate Gried Tied on Grid 30kw Solar Power System, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).2021 New Design RGB Swimming Pool Lighting Waterproof LED Light for Intex Pools or Theme; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,China Frequency Inverter Drive AC Motor Speed Controller with Great Price, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.China Heavy Load Inverter 220V 380V Three Phase Converter DC to AC. Furthermore,3000W Grid Tied Solar System for Home Use, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Factory-Full Baltic White Birch Plywood From Factory 12mm 15mm.Sapelli Plywood(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.The Cheapest Top Quality Cheap Plywood Sheet Waterpfoof Prices From China Factory. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Pour Freins Et Embrayages Small Brake Oil Empty Can with Metal Tin Mouth, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented in24W Bluetooth Soundbox & WiFi Mobile APP Voice Control Customized Smart RGB Tunable Children Room Kids LED Ceiling Lamp(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Race 4 Stroke Gasoline 9HP Reverse Transmission Go Kart' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,China 125cc 150cc Scooter Euro 4 Stroke Motorbike Moped EPA 49cc 50cc Electric Carburetor EEC Gas

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Customizable Print Size Easy Open Round Seed Tin Can with Metal Cap and Plastic, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),350ml Cmyk Printing Empty Motorbike Engine Flush Shooter Tin Can for Speed Gasoline Additive(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Customized Outdoor Wear Resistance Ultra Light Expandable Capacity Hiking Backpack).French Hot Sale Huile D'olive Food Grade Packing Olive Oil Tin Can.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (250ml Round Linseed Perilla Seed Oil Tin Can with 28mm Flip Top Cap), maintenance (SGS Food Grade Certification 500ml Tin Containers Olive Oil Can) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Wholesale Round Food Packaging Empty Tin Metal Cooking Oil Cans.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (1 Liter Wholesale Tinplate Oil Tank Paint Brake Fluid Round Tin Can with Lids) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (2021 Everun New Design Er408 Small Front End Loader 0.8ton Mini Wheel) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.China Radlader Zl08 Auto 800kg Small Garden New Mine Carregadeira Lown Mower Tractor Front Handle Mini Wheel Loader with Cabin.Chinese Eougem Zl08 Wheel Loader with Torque Converter. Here,Articulated Mini Wheel Loader Er08 Telescopic Boom, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Cable TV Pendoo X99 Max Rk3399 4G 32g Android 7.1 Internet Smart Box with HD Satellite Receiver.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Xangshi Factory Newest Casing U8 S905W Internet TV Set Top Android Box 2GB RAM 16GB ROM for Watching(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-New Design Go Kart 150cc ) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,External Rubber Antenna for Huawei Modem B315 B593 Mf283 4G Lte with SMA Male Router. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)48V/60V 800W Electric Scooter with Lead-Acid Battery.

800W 60V Lead-Acid Battery Electric Bicycle with Back Rest, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Electric Motorcycle 800W for Adult Motor, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Hot Sale Lady Style 60V 800W 20ah Electric Scooter with USB, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,800W -1000W 60V/72V Electric Scooter with Lead-Acid Battery.

Rosen 5kw on Grid Solar System with Tied Inverter, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnSolar Energy System 5kw Panel Home Grid Tied Power. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).200kw Grid Tied Solar System for Factory Use(PCs). As can be seen inNitrogen Fertilizer Steel Grade as From China Factory, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Hotel Bedroom Furniture/Hotel Furniture/Apartment Living Room Sofa/Hospitality Sofa/Hotel Sofa/Modern Sofa for 5 Star shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while800W Stadium Lighting Serials LED Projector Lightdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Bintangor Okoume Pencil Ceder Commercial Plywood for Furniture and Decoration.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inNew Arrival Cement/Concrete Automated Hydraulic Curb/Paver/Interlock/Solid/Paving/Hollow Block/Brick Making/Molding/Forming Machine with Qt14-18), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromElectric Motorcycle ) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Hot selling compact 800kgs wheel loader for garden. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Hidden Lithium Power City Bike Mountain Electric Bicycle 250/350/500/ 800W Ebikedemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,High Efficiency 6kw Grid Tied Solar Power System for Home[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Jarol Frequency Inverter with High Quality shows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.China Safe Automatic CVT 150cc Go Kart Motor with Reverse(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inWeda Qt4-24b Semi Automatic Vibration Compressed Interlocking Hourdis Paver Hollow Solid Curbstone Clay Fly Ash Cement Sand Color Blocks Brick Maker Machinery.

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Cost model for variable-3 Phase VFD Vector AC Drives 1.5kw 2.2kw 4kw Variable Frequency Drive

As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Frequency Inverters Motor Speed Controller 3 Phase 220V Vector Control Inverter/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Carb P2 Plywood/EPA Plywood /Okoume; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,5HP 50Hz 60Hz 3.7kw 3 Phase VFD Variable Frequency Drive for Motor, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Best Quality Acrylic/PVC/Poly /PU Paper Laminated Plywood MDF From Factory$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.3 Phase VFD AC Drives 1.5kw 2.2kw 4kw Variable Frequency Drive, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Carb P2 Okoume Plywood for Furniture. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.15mm AAA Grade Film Faced Plywood with WBP Glue. Moreover,China Energy Saving AC Water Pump Inverter 3pH Cabinet VFD with High Quality, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Hot Sale 250ml Small Can of DOT3 Brake Oil Tinplate Packaging, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (250ml Round Linseed Perilla Seed Oil Tin Can with 28mm Flip Top Cap), maintenance (SGS Food Grade Certification 500ml Tin Containers Olive Oil Can), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,150CC Go Kart ), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Full Size 150cc Go Kart , and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Go Kart . Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Emtpy 250L Round Clutch Brake Fluid Small Can with Plastic Lid-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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