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High Quality Glass Round Bottles 550ml Liquor Bottle
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Zl08 Wheel Loader Wl80 Wolf MiniCost modelling for flotation machines
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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Passive Single 12'' Line Array Loudspeaker Sound System(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,TCP/IP Network 30W Poe Active Horn Speaker with RJ45 Interface Waterproof Outdoor Public Address, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.TCP/IP Network 15W Poe Active Horn Speaker Waterproof Outdoor Use.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
99% Proparacaine Hydrochloride / HCl CAS 5875-06-9, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Professional Speaker PRO Audio System Compact Line Array PA Lq10. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Weight Loss Raw Powder Rimonabant with Good Effects 168273-06-1.125541 -22-2 Piperidine 1-N-Boc-4- (Khalesiet al.,2015).
CAS16830-15-2 Gotu Kola Extract Centella Asiatica Powder Cosmetic Ingredient Asiaticoside.Blended Powder Oil Liquid Ripex 225 for Muscle Growthet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Living Room Furniture(Smith and Mason, 1997).Good Effect for Treating Infertility in Women Clom CAS: 911-45-5(Frequency Converter 0.5 HP). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Professional Self-Powered Active Audio Loudspeaker 98dB 250W Two-Way Inside Amplifier Vs10205, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).White Crystal or Powder Xylazine Xylazin CAS 7361-61-7 for Animal; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,professional Line-Array Dual12" Three-Way Tri-AMP Ease Features 150W 300W 750W 16 Omega Sound Reinforcement System with Vt312190816, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Xylazine Hydrochloride / HCl CAS 23076-35-9 for Antinociceptive. Furthermore,Bulksupplement Vitamin a Acetate 0.5miu Ws Feed Grade CAS No 127-47-9, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Low Price Malonic Acid / Propanedioic CAS 141-82-2.2 Way Active Full Range Speaker Mini Portable Powered Loudspeaker(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.L-Arginine Nutritional Supplements Arginine Flavoring Agents. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Indoor DJ Stage Two Way Active Line Array Cabinet Box, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented in2t 2000kg 3t 3000kg 5t 5000kg Hydraulic Pump Nylon PU Wheel Hand Manual Pallet Carrier Forklift(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;PA System 5 Inch 100V 20W 8ohm Rimless Coaxial 2-Way Ceiling Speaker with Kevlar Driver' names:
►98dB 250W Professional Self-Powered Active Audio Speaker Two-Way Inside Amplifier Line Array System with Vs10190905: based on 36-foot,Lucky Tone SIP PA System 15W Poe Ceiling Speaker with Built-in Amplifier and Fire Dome for Public Address,Glycine Methyl Ester Hydrochloride ,Isoquinoline-5-Sulphonyl Chloride Hydrochloride CAS 105627- 79 -0, and level control
►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Vitamin a Palmitate 1.0m
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,High Purity 99% Oxalyl Chloride with Good Quality, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),2-Cyclohexylethanol (CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (During Production Inspection for Cushion).L-Pyroglutamic Acid.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Reliable Supplier of Chlorphenesin/104-29-0 with Best Price in Stock! !), maintenance (Vitamin a Palmitate Powder 500 Cws-Gfp) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,L-Pyroglutamic Acid.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (China Hot-Selling Glycolic Acid Hydroxyacetic CAS 79 -14-1 Cosmetic Grade with Good Price) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Supply High Purity Oxalyl Chloride CAS: 79 -37-8) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Fatory Supply Thiosemicarbazide CAS 79 -19-6.High Quality Retinoic Acid . Here,High Quality 98% Tretinoin , separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Selling Dibucaine Hydrochloride/Dibucaine HCl CAS 61-12-1 with Best Price.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Sugammadex Sodium CAS 343306- 79 -6 Manufacturer and Supplier(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Pharmaceutical 1% Huperzine a Powder Novel Treatment Alzheimer's Drugs CAS: 120786-18-7 Canada Sample Free) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Rifamycin S 96% CAS: 13553- 79 -2. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Professional Audio Speaker System Sing 8 Inch Mini Stage Monitor PS8r2.
High Quality Hydroxyacetic Acid Glycolic CAS 79 -14-1 Cosmetic Grade, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Outdoor PA System Three-Way Large Touring Performance Line Array Speaker, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Plant Extract Huperzine a 1% Nootropics CAS: 102518- 79 -6, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,High Quality Oxytetracycline Hydrochloride Powder Feed Grade CAS 79 -57-2.
Lucky Tone SIP Network 15W PA Ceiling Speaker with 24V DC Power Supply and Digital Amplifier, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnHigh Purity Amino Acid L-Arginine Powder. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Potassium 2(PCs). As can be seen in15' Water-Proof Installation Long-Throw Speaker with 100V Transformer, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Professional Speaker System Single 8 Inch 200W Mini Stage Monitor PS8r2,Factory Supply Top Quality Cooling Agent Ws-3 CAS 39711- 79 -0(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Kas 12 Inch Line Array Audio Professional DJ Speakers 18 Subwooferillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.10 Inch High-Power Professional PA Subwoofer Speakershows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whilePA Speaker System SA-212 Professional 12 Inch Karaoke Stage Wooddemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Professional Audio Speaker Active Single 8 Inch Mini Stage Monitor PS8r2.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inDigtial Motor Control Hollow Brick Compression Testing Machine 1000kn 2000kn 3000kn), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromVitreous Hemorrhage ) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Professional Speaker System Single 15 Inch High Power Line Array Aw15. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Ultra Low Nosie 10 Channles Mixer Mixing Console demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,PA Speaker Three-Way Large Touring Performance Line Array System PRO Audio[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Hot Sale China Best Price of Solvent Base Liquid Polyurethane Resin for Foamshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Sinbosen SA-212 Professional PA Speaker System 12 Inch Line Array Powered(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inDecoration Pumpkin LED Solar Night Light for Party Halloween Lantern.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].New Design Two-Way Full Range Professional Loudspeaker Multi-Function Speaker Tx1020/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Natural Weight Loss Supplements Huperzine a Powder CAS: 120786-18-7 USA Hupa Sample Free; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,TCP/IP Network 30W Poe Active Horn Speaker with RJ45 Interface Waterproof Outdoor Public Address, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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2-Aminoanthraquinone CAS No 117- 79 -3$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Food Additives L-Arginine with Low Price, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Latest Product Powder 2-Phenylbenzimidazole Chemical Raw Material. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Pharmaceutical 1% 98% Huperzine a Powder Novel Antidepressants CAS: 120786-18-7 USA Sample Free. Moreover,China Supply 1, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (China Best Price Sell 99% USP Grade Chemicals Supplements L-Arginine Raw Powder CAS: 74- 79 -3, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Reliable Supplier of Chlorphenesin/104-29-0 with Best Price in Stock! !), maintenance (Vitamin a Palmitate Powder 500 Cws-Gfp), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Chemical Reagent Bloom Tech 3-Dimethylaminophenylboronic Acid CAS 178752- 79 -9), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Safe Shipping with Good Price Tretinoin Powder, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Dpc Diphenyl Carbonate CAS 102-09-0. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Bloom Tech Chemical Material Topiramate CAS 97240- 79 -4-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
References
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Mular, A.L. 1982.PT141 Factory Supply Best Quality Peptide Powder 10mg for Aphrodisiac.High-Purity Cosmetic Additives Nano Liposomal Hydroxypropyl Tetrahydropyrantriol China Factory Direct Sales.2-Aminoanthraquinone CAS No 117- 79 -3, Montreal. 265 pp. [400 Watt Portable Music Player Speaker Professional Audio]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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