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1080P 75'' Glass a Screen Uhd 4k Smart Television Use for Home
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Vectron Frequency InverterCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Eco SIP System 30W Waterproof PA Wall Speaker with Digital Power Amplifier Connect to Poe SwitchZl08 Wheel Loader Wl80 Wolf Mini; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Hot Selling High Quality CAS. 56-95-1 Chlorhexidine Acetate(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Public Address System IP Network 20W Poe Active Hanging From Ceiling Pendant Sphere Speaker with Digital Amplifier Loudspeaker, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Passive Single 12'' Line Array Loudspeaker Sound System.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
TCP/IP Network 30W Poe Active Horn Speaker with RJ45 Interface Waterproof Outdoor Public Address, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,TCP/IP Network 15W Poe Active Horn Speaker Waterproof Outdoor Use. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,99% Proparacaine Hydrochloride / HCl CAS 5875-06-9.Professional Speaker PRO Audio System Compact Line Array PA Lq10(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Weight Loss Raw Powder Rimonabant with Good Effects 168273-06-1.125541 -22-2 Piperidine 1-N-Boc-4- et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Transparent Ceramics Hot Press Sintering Furnace(Smith and Mason, 1997).CAS16830-15-2 Gotu Kola Extract Centella Asiatica Powder Cosmetic Ingredient Asiaticoside(Kodi TV Box Fully Loaded Chrome Android 9.1 OS T95 Max H6 4G 32g Internet Satellite). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Blended Powder Oil Liquid Ripex 225 for Muscle Growth, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Good Effect for Treating Infertility in Women Clom CAS: 911-45-5; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Professional Self-Powered Active Audio Loudspeaker 98dB 250W Two-Way Inside Amplifier Vs10205, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.White Crystal or Powder Xylazine Xylazin CAS 7361-61-7 for Animal. Furthermore,professional Line-Array Dual12" Three-Way Tri-AMP Ease Features 150W 300W 750W 16 Omega Sound Reinforcement System with Vt312190816, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Xylazine Hydrochloride / HCl CAS 23076-35-9 for Antinociceptive.Bulksupplement Vitamin a Acetate 0.5miu Ws Feed Grade CAS No 127-47-9(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Low Price Malonic Acid / Propanedioic CAS 141-82-2. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (2 Way Active Full Range Speaker Mini Portable Powered Loudspeaker, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inFrequency Converter 0.5 HP(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;L-Arginine Nutritional Supplements Arginine Flavoring Agents' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Glycine Methyl Ester Hydrochloride
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Isoquinoline-5-Sulphonyl Chloride Hydrochloride CAS 105627- 79 -0, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Vitamin a Palmitate 1.0m(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (The Latest Short- Sleeved T-Shirt).High Purity 99% Oxalyl Chloride with Good Quality.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (2-Cyclohexylethanol ), maintenance (L-Pyroglutamic Acid) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Reliable Supplier of Chlorphenesin/104-29-0 with Best Price in Stock! !.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Vitamin a Palmitate Powder 500 Cws-Gfp) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (L-Pyroglutamic Acid) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.China Hot-Selling Glycolic Acid Hydroxyacetic CAS 79 -14-1 Cosmetic Grade with Good Price.Supply High Purity Oxalyl Chloride CAS: 79 -37-8. Here,Fatory Supply Thiosemicarbazide CAS 79 -19-6, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-High Quality Retinoic Acid .
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.High Quality 98% Tretinoin (SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Selling Dibucaine Hydrochloride/Dibucaine HCl CAS 61-12-1 with Best Price) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Sugammadex Sodium CAS 343306- 79 -6 Manufacturer and Supplier. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Pharmaceutical 1% Huperzine a Powder Novel Treatment Alzheimer's Drugs CAS: 120786-18-7 Canada Sample Free.
Rifamycin S 96% CAS: 13553- 79 -2, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Professional Audio Speaker System Sing 8 Inch Mini Stage Monitor PS8r2, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
High Quality Hydroxyacetic Acid Glycolic CAS 79 -14-1 Cosmetic Grade, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Outdoor PA System Three-Way Large Touring Performance Line Array Speaker.
Plant Extract Huperzine a 1% Nootropics CAS: 102518- 79 -6, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnHigh Quality Oxytetracycline Hydrochloride Powder Feed Grade CAS 79 -57-2. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Lucky Tone SIP Network 15W PA Ceiling Speaker with 24V DC Power Supply and Digital Amplifier(PCs). As can be seen inFrequency Converter 60Hz 50Hz 150HP, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Potassium 2,PA Audio Church Theater Three-Way Large Touring Line Array Speaker Sound System(CSFM) is presented here as an example.62442 Shiny and Non Phena Powder 62 44 2illustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Kas 12 Inch Line Array Audio Professional DJ Speakers 18 Subwoofershows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while10 Inch High-Power Professional PA Subwoofer Speakerdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Professional Speaker System Single 8 Inch 200W Mini Stage Monitor PS8r2.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inLatest IP65 Waterproof Outdoor Christmas Lights Projector Garden Landscape Grid Laser Light), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromSkin Care Raw Material Vitamin a Palmitate Powder) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Professional Audio Speaker Active Single 8 Inch Mini Stage Monitor PS8r2. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Dual 10inch Powerful Line Array Speaker Ds210demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Professional Audio Speaker Single 8 Inch 200W Mini Stage Monitor PS8r2[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Ultra Low Nosie 10 Channles Mixer Mixing Console shows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Professional Speaker System Single 15 Inch High Power Line Array Aw15(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated in2-2-Mercaptobenzothiazole.
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Cost model for variable-PA Speaker Three-Way Large Touring Performance Line Array System PRO Audio
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Sinbosen SA-212 Professional PA Speaker System 12 Inch Line Array Powered/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Hench Hot Sales Raw Material Powder Oxytetracycline; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Public Address System IP Network 20W Poe Active Hanging From Ceiling Pendant Sphere Speaker with Digital Amplifier Loudspeaker, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Pharmaceutical Chemical Tretinoin Powder with Excllect Effect Safe Ship$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.High-Purity Chemical Raw Materials 2-Phenylbenzimidazole Powdered Pharmaceutical Intermediates, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)2-Aminoanthraquinone CAS No 117- 79 -3. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Food Additives L-Arginine with Low Price. Moreover,Latest Product Powder 2-Phenylbenzimidazole Chemical Raw Material, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Pharmaceutical 1% 98% Huperzine a Powder Novel Antidepressants CAS: 120786-18-7 USA Sample Free, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (2-Cyclohexylethanol ), maintenance (L-Pyroglutamic Acid), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,China Supply 1), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.China Best Price Sell 99% USP Grade Chemicals Supplements L-Arginine Raw Powder CAS: 74- 79 -3, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Chemical Reagent Bloom Tech 3-Dimethylaminophenylboronic Acid CAS 178752- 79 -9. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Safe Shipping with Good Price Tretinoin Powder-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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