GENERAL PAPERS

China AC Drive ManufacturersCost modelling for flotation machines

S. Arfania; A.R.Linear Type Fully Automatic Paper Box Pack Flavor Milk PE Film Heat Shrink Packaging Machine3kwh 150ah Solar Home System Li-ion Battery Factory; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Fully Automatic Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,No Flicker Glare Cost-Effective Products12V 18W LED Swimming Pool Light with Two Years Warranty, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Newest 250cc Farm UTV 200cc Go Kart Buggy with Ce.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

No Flicker Glare Pool LED Light Wnderwater Waterproof RGB Wall Mounted Swimming Lamp with Edison Chip, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Motorcycle Stator Coil/Magneto/Bobina Del Estator/Moto Partes/Repuestos Gy6 8coils. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,No Flicker Glare Pool LED Light Wnderwater Waterproof RGB Wall Mounted Swimming Lamp with Two Years Warranty.Gy6 /Jog Motorcycle Regulator/Rectifier Parts(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Yog Spare Parts Accessories Motorcycle Stator Comp Gy6 125.Motorcycle Ignition Coil/Bobina Encendido/Bobina Alta/Moto Accesorios/Piezas Gy6et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Nitrogen Fertilizer Caprolactam Grade Ammonium Sulphate(Smith and Mason, 1997).Gy6 /Jog Motorcycle Spare Parts Regulator/Rectifier(Agriculture Ammonium Sulphate Caprolactam 25kg Package). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)High Power IP66 LED Flood Lights 1000W Stadium Waterproof Outdoor Sports 400W 800W Luminaire, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).20MHz Medical Crf Machine Deep Wrinkle Removal Beauty Instrument; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Motorcycle Spare Part Turn Light for Gy6 -150, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Fractional RF & Thermal Machine . Furthermore,Motorcycle Ignition Coil Bobina Alta Tvs Star Gy6 -125 Cg125, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Good Price Top 20mrf Crf Wrinkle Removal Anti-Aging Device.20MHz RF Face Skin Lifting and Tightening Machine(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.20MHz RF Beauty Machine Skin Tightening. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Super 20MHz RF Beauty Machine, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inSmell Proof Waterproof Weed Bag Plastic Food Packaging Child Resistant(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;20MHz RF with New Technology for Body Tightening' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Peonylighting 800W High Pole Stadium LED Flood Yard Lamp

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,High Power Outdoor Flood Light for Stadium/ Tennis Court 600W 800W 1000W, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Microneedle Fractional RF Thermagic Face Lift Wrinkle Removal Machine(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Supermarket Promotion Mug Special Offer Gift 11oz Coated Cup 330ml).RF Microneedle Thermal Facial Lift Beauty Equipment.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Motorcycle Spare Parts High Quality Flasher 6V 12V Gy6 -125 Tvs Star Bajaj Bm150), maintenance (Industry Floodlight LED Stadium Light 150W 200W 250W 300W 400W 500W 600W 800W 1000W Flood for Outdoor Square Building Landscape Tennis Court Lighting) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,High Feedback Tied Malaysian Virgin Hair.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Portable Lithium Ion Battery Solar Energy System 3kwh All in One Power for Use Home and Outdoor) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Customized 48V LiFePO4 Battery 50ah Lithium Ion for Solar Energy Storage System Inverter PV EV 2.5kwh 3kwh 5kwh) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.150cc 300cc 500cc 650cc 2 Seat Adult Frames Go Kart.200cc Racing Go Kart for Sale Cheap. Here,China 300cc Adult Road Legal 2 Seat Pedal Go Kart, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-3kwh Solar Energy Storage System.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.2021 New Design 3kwh off Grid Solar Power System LiFePO4 Battery for Home Use with Built-in Inverter(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Peanut Shell and Rice Husk Continuous Carbonization Oven) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Factory Direct Wholesale 300- 17 Motorcycle Tire/Tyre. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)ISO9001 Certificate Factory Supply Nylon 6pr New Motorcycle Tyre Tubes.

Handheld Small Portable Digital High Frequency Induction Brazing Machine with Soft Cable, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Mobile Digital High Frequency Mini Induction Brazing Welder for Aluminum Tube Pipe, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

High Quality Radio Frequency Aesthetic Equipment, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,China Good Quality 2.75- 17 Tubeless Motorcycle Tire/Tyre.

2.50- 17 , analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnYog Motorcycle Spare Parts Magnetic Switch Assy Starter Relay for Cg125 Bros Nxr Honda Suzuki Akt 125 Akt110 Bws100 Gy6 Italika Kintaro YAMAHA Haojue. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Parts of Motorcycle Cdi/Regulator/Stator Coil Spare for Gy6 50/125/150 Scooter(PCs). As can be seen inE1 Glue Malamine Mositure-Proof MDF with Carb Certification, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Vitamin a Palmitate 1.0mshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileDual 8inch Two-Way Line Array Loudspeaker Bi AMP B&C Speaker Unit Ease Function with Vk20819729demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Good Packed Bottle PE Film Shrink Wrapping Machine China.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inLift Height 6m Air Pneumatic Balancer Balancing Hoist 5ton 5000kg), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromSpeaker Wall Mounting Bracket ) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.25kw High Frequency Induction Heater for Bolts&Rivet. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Gy6 -50cc OEM Gas Scooterdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Fractional RF Vacuum Slimming Machine for Lose Weight[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Carb Approved Birch Plywoodshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Online Flying Laser Marking Machine for Operation Line(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inPiston Motor to Fit Mini Excavator Kubota Kx 36-3.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Portable 20Hz RF Face Lift Machine/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.ISO9001 Motorcycle Spare Part Tubeless Motorcross Tire Size 100/90- 17; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,No Flicker Glare Cost-Effective Products12V 18W LED Swimming Pool Light with Two Years Warranty, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Good Solutions 3kw Solar Home Energy off Grid System$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Jalyn Motorcycle Spare Parts Speedometer Assy Fits for Gy6 /Hunter, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)25kw High Frequency Induction Heat Soldering Machine. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Super Bright Outdoor 300W 400W 500W 600W 800W 1000W LED Flood Light. Moreover,10pack/M Automatic PE Film Combine Heat Shrink Wrapping Bottle Packing Wrapper Machine, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Beverage Water Packing Equipment , self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Motorcycle Spare Parts High Quality Flasher 6V 12V Gy6 -125 Tvs Star Bajaj Bm150), maintenance (Industry Floodlight LED Stadium Light 150W 200W 250W 300W 400W 500W 600W 800W 1000W Flood for Outdoor Square Building Landscape Tennis Court Lighting), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Automatic Shrink Wrapping Machine 0-20package/Min), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Automatic Bottle PE Film Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine , and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Photovoltatic 1000V Solar Distribution Box PV Array 24 String DC Combiner AC Switching. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.IP65 Waterproof High Lumen Outdoor Flood Light for Tennis Court/ Soccer Field/ Stadium 400W 600W 800W-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

2.4GHz Outdoor Wireless Bridge 300Mbps Tdma High Power 500MW2856 3kVA/5kVA/8kVA/10kVA/12kVA Solar on-Grid Power System for Home/Office/Farm/HotelCorresponding author