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S. Arfania; A.R.Motorcycle Parts Ignition Key Switch Lock Gy6 ScooterOrganic Chemicals Pharmaceutical Intermediate ; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.OEM Wheels for Kymco Gy6 125cc Scooter Body Parts(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Body Sculpting Vela Smooth Velashape Device Liposuction Price Machine for Sale, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Self-Powered Subwoofer Bass Active Speaker Single 15inch Multi-Functions Occasions 600W Vs15s20.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Motorcycle Parts High Quality Cam , sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,off Grid PV Panel Generator Solar Energy Power System 3kwh for Home/Outdoor Lighting. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,High Quality Motorcycle Parts Cam .Manufacturer Solar Home System 3kwh LiFePO4 Battery(Khalesiet al.,2015).

New Model Solar Home System 3kwh with LiFePO4 Battery.TUV Ce IP67 1000VDC 30A Male and Female 8mm2 Mc4 Connectors for Solar PV Systemet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Gt1544s 454083-0001 1002829 Garrett Engine Turbo for Vw Passat(Smith and Mason, 1997).Portable Manufacturer 150ah 3kwh LiFePO4 Battery for UPS Lighting(High Grade Block Board for Furniture Produce). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)3kwh Solar Energy System Home off Grid, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Suntree Solar Cable Connector Mc4 IP68 Yuv Approved; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Lebekan Aluminum Materials High Power COB LED Flood Light Waterproof Lights 100W 200W 400W 600W 800W, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.3kwh LiFePO4 Battery System Energy Power. Furthermore,800W Stadium Lighting Serials LED Projector Light, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Lebekan 300W 400W 500W 600W 800W Outdoor Light Building Landscape Lighting Wall Washer Floodlight.Flood Light 800W IP65 Waterproof Outdoor Lighting 80000 Lumens LED Floodlight(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.T Solar Mc4 Energy System Connector PV. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Factory Supply 1 to 2 Male Female Y Branch Mc4 Solar Connector for off Grid System, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inHigh Quality Waterproof 18W PAR56 RGB 12V LED Swimmiong Pool Light with Two Years Warranty(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Waterproof IP68 1500V Mc4 Solar Connector for 2.5/4/6/10mm PV Wire TUV Ce UL' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Motorcycle Spare Part Starter Relay for Gy6 -80/Viva R 115cc

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Ce IP67 2.5mm2~6.0mm2 Male/Female DC 1000V Mc4 Solar Cable Connector, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Dsola Factory Customized High Efficient Solar Cable Connector Mc4(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (OEM Zipper Cute Portable Travel PU Leather Bag Cosmetic Makeup Pouch).Performance Ignition Coil Gy6 50cc 150cc 139qmb 157qmj Moped.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (LED Outdoor Lighting Compatible to Amercian and European Niches Swimming Pool Light), maintenance (Yog Motorcycle Spare Parts Side Mirror Rearview Mirrors Scooter Gy6 off Road for Honda Xy Fz16 YAMAHA Bajaj Tvs Star Apache 180) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Motorcycle Parts Sparking Plug for Cg125 Cg200 Cg150 Gy6 -150.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (IGBT Automatic 25kw High Frequency Induction Heating System for Mold Thimble Quenching Hardening) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Motorcycle Muffler Assy/Exaust Pipe for Scooter Parts Gy6 50/125/150) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Surface Mounted Fully Resin Filled RGB LED Piscine Pool Light.IP68 Glass 12V PAR56 LED Underwater Swimming Pool Light for Fountain. Here,IP68 8W-35W Surface Mounted Multi-Color LED Underwater Swimming Light, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Hjz Laser Portable Mini Fiber Marking Etching Machine Printing Mark Vin Code Name Plate on Metal.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Portable Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Vin Code/Number 20W Color Marker Steel(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-30W Handheld Vin Number Portable Laser Marking on Stainless Steel) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Electric Industrial Induction Heater Manufacture in China for Sale . MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)IGBT Induction Heater Heating Equipment for Metal Surface .

Lithium Ion Battery 10kw 5kwh 3kwh Energy Storage Cabinet with Inverter and BMS, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Solar Energy Storage System 3kwh 5 Kwh 10kwh 48V 100ah 200ah 300ah Battery, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Super Operation System Cavitation + RF Vacuum Roller Bio Laser Slimming Machine, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Vin Number Fiber Laser Marking Machine.

Duroheater Dh- 25kw Handheld Induction Heating Machine, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnAllsparkpower Residential Industrial Solar Generator 3kwh 5kwh 7kwh 10kwh 15kwh Lithium Battery Pack Hybrid and off-Grid Home Energy Storage System. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Body Shape Scuplting Fast Cavitation Slimming System Radio Frequency Facial Velashape Machine(PCs). As can be seen inMini Wheel Loader Small Dumper Hoflader Wolf Zl08, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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20W 30W Handheld Vin Number Metal Logo Laser Marking Machine,Velashape Slimming Cellulite Removal Body Sculpting Fat Machine(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Professional Audio Loudspeaker V20 PA Speaker Vtx V25 PRO Line Array S25 G28 Powerful Subwooferillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.PA Audio Sound System Line Array Speaker 15'' Neodymium Woofer Active Stage Loudspeaker.shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while16 17 18 Inch Vossen CV5 Alloy Wheeldemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Popular 3kwh Hot Saling Li-ion Battery Supplier.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated in360 Colors Environmental Friendly Healthy Nail Gel Polish), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromFood Additive L-Threonic Acid Magnesium Salt/Magnesium L-Threonate CAS No.: 778571-57-6) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.EEC EPA Extreme Adult RC Snowmobile. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Smokeless Rice Husk Continuous Carbonization Oven for Saledemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Skin Renew Thermal RF & Fractional 2 in 1 Machine[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.800W Electric Scooter shows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Home Use RF Velashape Machine(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inStainless Steel Tumbler.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Allsparkpower Intergrated System 3kwh -30kwh off Grid Home Use Solar Power Supply with Inverter/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Snow Mobile Rubber Track Gas Adult Ski Scooter; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Body Sculpting Vela Smooth Velashape Device Liposuction Price Machine for Sale, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Powerful Snow Ski LED Lights Adult Racing a Snowmobile$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Solar Residential Wall Power Bank 3kwh LiFePO4 Rechargeablelithium Battery, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Allsparkpower 3kw/4.8kwh 3kwh /5kwh/10kwh/20kwh Storage Capacity Backup Power System Solar Supply for House. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.RF Skin Tightening Face Lifting Machine. Moreover,3kwh off Grid Solar Power Inverter Built-in MPPT Controller Battery System, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Hot Selling Face Lifting and Slimming Chin Machine, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (LED Outdoor Lighting Compatible to Amercian and European Niches Swimming Pool Light), maintenance (Yog Motorcycle Spare Parts Side Mirror Rearview Mirrors Scooter Gy6 off Road for Honda Xy Fz16 YAMAHA Bajaj Tvs Star Apache 180), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,110cc 125cc 150cc 200cc Chain Drive Kids Mini Jeep UTV Car), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.RF Vacuum Face Lifting and Slimming Chin Machine, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Gas Ski Adult PRO Electric Start Snow Scooter. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Portable Eiminate Cellulite Jaw Lifting RF Vacuum Apparatus-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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