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S. Arfania; A.R.High Efficiency 6kw Grid Tied Solar Power System for HomeNylon 12/Nylon Granules/Polyamid 12/Transparent Glasses Frame; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.China Safe Automatic CVT 150cc Go Kart Motor with Reverse(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,3 Phase VFD Vector AC Drives 1.5kw 2.2kw 4kw Variable Frequency Drive, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Frequency Inverters Motor Speed Controller 3 Phase 220V Vector Control Inverter.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Carb P2 Plywood/EPA Plywood /Okoume, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Carb E0 Glue Cabinets Grade 18mm White Birch Plywood From China. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Variable Speed Drive Phree Phase Frequency Converter 1000Hz.Best Quality Acrylic/PVC/Poly /PU Paper Laminated Plywood MDF From Factory(Khalesiet al.,2015).

3 Phase VFD AC Drives 1.5kw 2.2kw 4kw Variable Frequency Drive.Carb P2 Okoume Plywood for Furnitureet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Factory Design Logo Food Grade Colourful Printing Sealed Stand up Scented Tea Packaging Bag(Smith and Mason, 1997).15mm AAA Grade Film Faced Plywood with WBP Glue(Hot Sale Food Packaging Tin Can for Cooking Oil with Plastic Lids). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)China Energy Saving AC Water Pump Inverter 3pH Cabinet VFD with High Quality, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Hot Sale 250ml Small Can of DOT3 Brake Oil Tinplate Packaging; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,150CC Go Kart , the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Full Size 150cc Go Kart . Furthermore,Go Kart , and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Emtpy 250L Round Clutch Brake Fluid Small Can with Plastic Lid.Wolf Wl80 Mini Dumper Euro 5 Loader for Sale(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.0.8 Ton Chinese Low Cost High Quality Hydraulic Wheel Loader. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (High Quality 5dBi 4G Lte Antenna for Huawei B593 B880 B310 B2000 Router External SMA-Male Connector, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inChina Frequency Converter Variable Speed Drive 7.5kw Inverter Three Phase Power Save(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;WLAN WiFi Yagi Antenna' names:

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The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),2021 Hot Sale Wall Mounted Underwater LED Swimming Pool Light with Two Years Warranty(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Fungicide for Orange and Banana Imazalil).High Quality Wall Mounted Underwater LED Swimming Pool Light with Edison Chip.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Hot Selling A5X Max Rk3328 4GB 32GB Android TV Box 4K Full HD Quad Core Smart for Internet Set Top), maintenance (Topleo I96 King 1GB/2GB RAM Smart Android 7.1 Quad Core Internet 4K Ultra HD Support TV Box) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,15kw Grid Tied Solar Power System for Home Use.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Grid Tied 100kw 200kw 300kw Solar System) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Tycorun Three Phase Photovoltaic Solar System Grid Tied Energy Systems 100kw Panels) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Factory Direct Sale Grid Tied Solar Power System on 1000wp 5000wp 10000wp for Wholesale.Vimode Electric Scooter Adult Motorcycle for Adults 800W 650W. Here,Adv. 1 Alloy Wheel , separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-150cc 4-Stroke.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Outdoor 5GHz 30dBi Long Range Parabolic Grid Antenna(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Hot Sale Popular Model 60V 800W Electric Motorcycle for India Market) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Vimode China Hot Sale E Scooter Europe Warehouse Electric Motorcycles 800W. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)New Design 800W 1000W Electric Scooter Motorcycle for Riding.

5.8GHz 30dBi Single-Pol Die Cast Grid Antenna, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Mimo Antenna 5150MHz~5850MHz WiFi Panel, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

5GHz 20dBi Panel WiFi Antenna, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Fast Ship 800W 1000W 1200W 60V 72V 20ah Battery Electric Motorcycle From China.

Hot Sale 2.4/ 5GHz 9dBi Rubber WiFi Antenna, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andn5GHz 12dBi Dual Polarity MIMO Omni Antenna. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Electric Motorcycle Fashion Design 800W with Removable Battery(PCs). As can be seen inCarbon Black Masterbatch for Injection Moulding, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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Guangzhou Manufacturer Empty Anti Bacterial Diesel Additive Can for Fuel Cleaner,Hot Sale Special Cooking Coconut Oil Tin Can Milk Tank Beverage Cans(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Compact wheel loader snow pusher landscapingillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Plastic Products Virgin Granules Raw Material Light Blue Antistatic Masterbatch Customized for Electrical Partsshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileCATV Amplifier Module Bgy887 24V 22.6db Excellent Return Loss Propertiesdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Buy Food Grade Metal Material Empty Cans for 0.5-2.5L.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inFactory custom baby diaper raw material laminating backsheet PE film), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from0.8 Ton Garden Samll Loader 800kg Mini Front End 8 7 6 5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 Wheel) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.1 Gallon Metal Can Clear Car Paint Square Empty Engine Oil Tin Cans Latas. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.50cc/125cc Euro 5 Certificate Gas Scooter Motorcycle Moped Efi demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,10X5.5'' Best Light 110mm off Road Steel ATV Wheel Rim[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Live/Installed Sound System PRO Speaker Box shows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Central Hole 68mm 10X5.5'' Mild Steel ATV Wheel Rim(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inAcid Dye Black 60 M-2bl.

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Cost model for variable-Alloy Wheels

As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Silver Truck Wheel Rims Steel 17.5 Inch/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.15-20 Inch Quality Auto Alloy Wheels 4*4 Wheel for Trailer; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,3 Phase VFD Vector AC Drives 1.5kw 2.2kw 4kw Variable Frequency Drive, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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250CC Go Kart $394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.18mm Carb Birch Okoumen Plywood, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Retro Electric Motorcycle Scooter . In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Carb Approved Birch Plywood. Moreover,Low Power Elevator Inverter 12kw with Controller, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (High Quality 18mm Carb Birch Okoumen Plywood, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Hot Selling A5X Max Rk3328 4GB 32GB Android TV Box 4K Full HD Quad Core Smart for Internet Set Top), maintenance (Topleo I96 King 1GB/2GB RAM Smart Android 7.1 Quad Core Internet 4K Ultra HD Support TV Box), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,1.5kw 220V Frequency Converter Single Phase 380 3), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Carb Approved Birch Plywood, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Carb E0 Cabinet Grade 18mm Plywood in High Quality. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.1.5kw 220V Frequency Inverter Brands AC Drive for Electric Motor-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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