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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Pest control Flies Cockroaches Mosquitos spray Deltamethrin 2.5%SCCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.250cc Motor Cabin Tricycle Cargo with CanopyLiving Room Furniture; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Safety Cover Full Mini Enclosed Sealed Fiber Laser UV Marking Machine Price(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Flexible Label Laser Marking Machine, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Flying Laser Marking System Marker.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
800W Color Fashion Electric Motorcycle, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,20W 30W 50W 150X150mm 200X200mm Lens Metal Steel Fiber Laser Machine. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Label Marking Equipment Laser Machine for Car Body Labels.Electric Bike 800W ODM Mountain Ebike with Powerful Motor(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Latest Electric Scooter 800W Citycoco.16/24 Channel RF Combiner Passive Mixeret al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Modern Home Furniture Living Room Leather Fabric Electric Massage Lounge Leisure Recliner Sofa(Smith and Mason, 1997).150cc Cheap Open Gas Reverse Trike (200kw Grid Tied Solar System for Factory Use). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Sport Using Motor Vehicle with Sealed Chain Final Drive, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).GS-a 12mm CATV Fixed RF Attenuator; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,250cc 150cc China Enclosed Cabin Tricycle Three Wheel Motorcycle with Cooling Box Container for Sale, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Automatic High Effective Medical Ultrasound Bone Densitometer . Furthermore,New 50cc Monkey Bike Gasoline Motorcycle Euro 4, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-China 250cc New 3 Wheel Motorcycle Motor Tricycle.3ru 24 in 1 CATV Fixed Channel Modulator (SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.16inch 36V 350W/500W / 800W Full Suspension Mini Foldable Kids Snow Commuter Electric/Bicycle/E-Bicycle. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Satellite Ts Encryption HD Receiver with Multiplexing Function, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inProfessional Sound Speaker System Single 10 Inch Mini Passive Line Array Vr10(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Motor Tricycle Three Wheel Cargo Trike for Sale' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Motor Vehicle for High Speed and Stable Function
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Outdoor 750MHz One Way CATV Trunk Amplifier , blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),China Enclosed Ice Cream Tricycle Three Wheel Cargo with Cooling Box(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Self Loading Concrete Mixer 2.0 Cube Meter).New Racing Motorcycle.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Cheap 3 Wheel Cargo Tricycle with Box ), maintenance (Clinical Equipment Portable Ultrasound Bone Densitometer for Hospital) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Motorcycle for 1405mm of Wheel Base.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (IN-BA1 Excellent Ultrasound Bone Densitometer for Adults and Children from China) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (5150-5850MHz Sector Panel Antenna with 2*16dBi Gain for Best Design) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.China Ophthalmic Equipment.Hot Sale Jincheng Jc200t-8 Scooter Motorcycle with Good Price. Here,China Gas Scooters 2 Stroke Euro 4 125cc Moto Moped Motor EPA 49cc 50cc 150cc EEC Motorcycle Gasoline Scooter, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Best Selling Ophthalmic Ultrasound a/B Scanner Full Digital Touch Screen.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Ho-100 Ophthalmic Ultrasound a Scan Pachymeter(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Sy-AC51 Best Price 128 Elements Wireless Probe with Color Doppler) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Innopack 1L Square Engine Oil Tin Can with Screw Cap Manufacturer. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)1L Round Tin Pail with Sealed Lid and Plastic Handle for Paint Use.
5GHz Antenna High Gain 29dBi, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (2.4- 5GHz MIMO Omni Antenna with 2.4G Network System, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Sector Antenna 5GHz, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Mini Wheel Loader Small Dumper Hoflader Wolf Zl08.
2.4G- 5GHz Fiberglass Omni Antenna with 8dBi Gain WLAN/WiFi, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andn2.4- 5GHz MIMO Omni Antenna with 11dBi. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).2.4- 5GHz Omni Antenna (PCs). As can be seen inL-Pyroglutamic Acid, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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1L Tin Can for Oil,Trade Peak Lowest Price for 150cc ATV(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Air Drive Multiple Capable Loose Tubes Pipes Beveling Machineillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Melamine Molding Powder for Making Tableware Dishware Chinashows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileFrequency Converter Three Phase Variable Speed Drive 220kw Generator Air Pumpdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,L-Guard Factory L-5 OTR Tires 23.5-25 P. R. 20.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inAcrylic LED Neon Open Sign Letters in Stars Shape), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromPower Amplifier Module Board + Made in China 400 Watt AMP) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Wholesale China High Quality OTR Tyre 17.5-25 G2 Pattern.. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Home Theater PA PRO Audio Speakerdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Suzhou Innopack 1L Metal Rectangular Tin with Screw Cap in Low Price[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Water Cooled Cylinder Diesel Engine Used for Generator Setshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Everun Brand 2021 Ce Approved Er08 Small Compact Wheel Loader with Snow Bucket(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inHongfa 4-15D Paving Block Making Machine.
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Cost model for variable-2021 New Model 125cc 150cc Ce Approval off Road ATV
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].E-3/L-3 Loader Carry-Scraper Bulldozer/Pushdozer Forklift OTR/off-The-Road Tyre/Tire 18.00-25/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.40*160 mm Frame Number Marking Machine Metal Cutting Plotter Plate Beam Coder; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Flexible Label Laser Marking Machine, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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OTR Heavy Loader Tyre L5 20.5-25 Size Best Price$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Mars Solar 30kw Power System on Grid Tied Micro Sine Wave Inverter, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)1167 Single Phase 3 110V/220V/380vgrid- Tied Inverter for Residential or Commercial Application 3kw-80kw. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.L5 Nylon Mining Loader OTR Tyre 20.5-25 off-The-Road Tire. Moreover,Fiber CO2 UV Laser Engraving Machine Marker Equipment Logo Printing Marking for Metal Plastic Wood, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Lithium Polymer Battery Mica 3.7V Mc602540 550mAh Li Pack for Electronic Device, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Cheap 3 Wheel Cargo Tricycle with Box ), maintenance (Clinical Equipment Portable Ultrasound Bone Densitometer for Hospital), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,New Model High Quality 4 Stroke LED Efi 50cc 100cc 110cc Gasoline Scooter Gas Moped Super Soco Bike Mini), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Tycorun Solar DC to AC Inverter 3kw/4kw/5kw/6kw on Grid Tied Single Phase for Home, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
China Supply 1Linux TV Box International Internet Smart IPTV Zgemma I55Corresponding author