GENERAL PAPERS

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S. Arfania; A.R.Carb P2 Plywood/EPA Plywood /OkoumeChina Frequency Converter Variable Speed Drive 7.5kw Inverter Three Phase Power Save; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Carb E0 Glue Cabinets Grade 18mm White Birch Plywood From China(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Variable Speed Drive Phree Phase Frequency Converter 1000Hz, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Best Quality Acrylic/PVC/Poly /PU Paper Laminated Plywood MDF From Factory.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

3 Phase VFD AC Drives 1.5kw 2.2kw 4kw Variable Frequency Drive, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Carb P2 Okoume Plywood for Furniture. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,15mm AAA Grade Film Faced Plywood with WBP Glue.China Energy Saving AC Water Pump Inverter 3pH Cabinet VFD with High Quality(Khalesiet al.,2015).

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Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (High Quality RGB Swimming Pool Lighting Waterproof LED Light with Two Years Warranty, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inCarbon Black Masterbatch for Injection Moulding(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Grid Tied 5kw Solar Energy System Home Power 5000W for Roof Tile' names:

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The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),15kw Grid Tied Solar Power System for Home Use(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Computer Display Universal Testing Machine).Grid Tied 100kw 200kw 300kw Solar System.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Tycorun Three Phase Photovoltaic Solar System Grid Tied Energy Systems 100kw Panels), maintenance (Factory Direct Sale Grid Tied Solar Power System on 1000wp 5000wp 10000wp for Wholesale) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Vimode Electric Scooter Adult Motorcycle for Adults 800W 650W.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Adv. 1 Alloy Wheel ) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (150cc 4-Stroke) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Outdoor 5GHz 30dBi Long Range Parabolic Grid Antenna.Hot Sale Popular Model 60V 800W Electric Motorcycle for India Market. Here,Vimode China Hot Sale E Scooter Europe Warehouse Electric Motorcycles 800W, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-New Design 800W 1000W Electric Scooter Motorcycle for Riding.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.5.8GHz 30dBi Single-Pol Die Cast Grid Antenna(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Mimo Antenna 5150MHz~5850MHz WiFi Panel) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,5GHz 20dBi Panel WiFi Antenna. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Fast Ship 800W 1000W 1200W 60V 72V 20ah Battery Electric Motorcycle From China.

Hot Sale 2.4/ 5GHz 9dBi Rubber WiFi Antenna, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (5GHz 12dBi Dual Polarity MIMO Omni Antenna, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Electric Motorcycle Fashion Design 800W with Removable Battery, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,5GHz 18dBi Dual Polarization Panel WLAN Antenna.

Guangzhou Manufacturer Empty Anti Bacterial Diesel Additive Can for Fuel Cleaner, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnHot Sale Special Cooking Coconut Oil Tin Can Milk Tank Beverage Cans. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Buy Food Grade Metal Material Empty Cans for 0.5-2.5L(PCs). As can be seen inCompact wheel loader snow pusher landscaping, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Factory Export 99% Purity Chlorhexidine CAS55-56-1 with Lowest Priceshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileFrequency Converter 50HP Three Phasesdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Central Hole 68mm 10X5.5'' Mild Steel ATV Wheel Rim.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inReady to Ship! ! Foot Base Hobby Hobbyist 1530 Wood CNC Milling Machine Engrave Plexiglas), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from50cc/125cc Euro 5 Certificate Gas Scooter Motorcycle Moped Efi ) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Silver Truck Wheel Rims Steel 17.5 Inch. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Modern Green Velvet Lounge New Style Chester Sofademonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].250CC Go Kart /min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.18mm Carb Birch Okoumen Plywood; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Variable Speed Drive Phree Phase Frequency Converter 1000Hz, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Carb Approved Birch Plywood. Moreover,Carb E0 Cabinet Grade 18mm Plywood in High Quality, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (1.5kw 220V Frequency Inverter Brands AC Drive for Electric Motor, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Tycorun Three Phase Photovoltaic Solar System Grid Tied Energy Systems 100kw Panels), maintenance (Factory Direct Sale Grid Tied Solar Power System on 1000wp 5000wp 10000wp for Wholesale), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,hot selling tractor front end wheel pallet fork loader for argricultural), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Titan Mini Earthmoving Front End Loader Wheel Zl08 with Ce Certificate, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Carb Bleach White Poplar Plywood LVL 12mm 18mm. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Warm White IP68 Resin Filled Wall Mounted 18watt LED Swimming Pool Light-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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5GHz 12dBi Dual Polarity MIMO Omni Antenna, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-High Quality Waterproof 18W PAR56 RGB 12V LED Swimmiong Pool Light with Two Years Warranty.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141.         [Electric Scooter with Anti-Theft Motor Lock ]

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USBM. 1987.Nicheless Flat Resin Filled Thin 12W Wall Mounted IP68 RGB Underwater LED Swimming Pool Lights,2.5A 0.4kw IP20 Jarol Variable Frequency Drive-metallic minerals expected fossil fuels in the United States and Canada.Openfile report10-87. US Bureau of Mines, Denver, CO. 134 pp.         [Outdoor Easy Pop up Folding Advertising Display Tent with Water Proof Fabric]

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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