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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
PE/ PA /CPP Food Vacuum Packing Bag Plastic GradeCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Commercial Solar System 100kw Grid Tied /on 100kVA 60kwL-812 Dual 12-Inch 2-Way 4-Unit Full Frequency Line Array Speaker; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Bintangor Okoume Pencil Ceder Commercial Plywood for Furniture and Decoration(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Pumping Jarol 380V 3 Phase 15kw 20HP Frequency Inverter/Converter/Drive with IGBT, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Hot selling compact 800kgs wheel loader for garden.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
High Efficiency 6kw Grid Tied Solar Power System for Home, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,China Safe Automatic CVT 150cc Go Kart Motor with Reverse. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,3 Phase VFD Vector AC Drives 1.5kw 2.2kw 4kw Variable Frequency Drive.Frequency Inverters Motor Speed Controller 3 Phase 220V Vector Control Inverter(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Carb P2 Plywood/EPA Plywood /Okoume.Carb E0 Glue Cabinets Grade 18mm White Birch Plywood From Chinaet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Full Range Portable Multi-Fuction Speaker Box (Smith and Mason, 1997).Variable Speed Drive Phree Phase Frequency Converter 1000Hz(Modern Home Furniture Living Room Leather Fabric Electric Massage Lounge Leisure Recliner Sofa). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Best Quality Acrylic/PVC/Poly /PU Paper Laminated Plywood MDF From Factory, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).3 Phase VFD AC Drives 1.5kw 2.2kw 4kw Variable Frequency Drive; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Carb P2 Okoume Plywood for Furniture, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.15mm AAA Grade Film Faced Plywood with WBP Glue. Furthermore,China Energy Saving AC Water Pump Inverter 3pH Cabinet VFD with High Quality, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Hot Sale 250ml Small Can of DOT3 Brake Oil Tinplate Packaging.150CC Go Kart (SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Full Size 150cc Go Kart . However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Go Kart , 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inNylon 12/Nylon Granules/Polyamid 12/Transparent Glasses Frame(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Emtpy 250L Round Clutch Brake Fluid Small Can with Plastic Lid' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,External 2.4GHz/ 5GHz Dual-Band Small Antenna/Flexible Antenna
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,150cc Go Kart with EEC , blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),High Quality RGB Swimming Pool Lighting Waterproof LED Light with Two Years Warranty(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Low Noise Medical High Flow O2 Concentrator for Hospital).Grid Tied 5kw Solar Energy System Home Power 5000W for Roof Tile.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (High Quality Wall Mounted Underwater LED Swimming Pool Light for Intex Pools or Theme), maintenance (800W Power Electtric Motorcycle Scooter / Electrical Motorcycles Bicycle ) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,2021 Hot Sale Wall Mounted Underwater LED Swimming Pool Light with Two Years Warranty.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (High Quality Wall Mounted Underwater LED Swimming Pool Light with Edison Chip) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Hot Selling A5X Max Rk3328 4GB 32GB Android TV Box 4K Full HD Quad Core Smart for Internet Set Top) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Topleo I96 King 1GB/2GB RAM Smart Android 7.1 Quad Core Internet 4K Ultra HD Support TV Box.15kw Grid Tied Solar Power System for Home Use. Here,Grid Tied 100kw 200kw 300kw Solar System, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Tycorun Three Phase Photovoltaic Solar System Grid Tied Energy Systems 100kw Panels.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Factory Direct Sale Grid Tied Solar Power System on 1000wp 5000wp 10000wp for Wholesale(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Vimode Electric Scooter Adult Motorcycle for Adults 800W 650W) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Adv. 1 Alloy Wheel . MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)150cc 4-Stroke.
Outdoor 5GHz 30dBi Long Range Parabolic Grid Antenna, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Hot Sale Popular Model 60V 800W Electric Motorcycle for India Market, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Vimode China Hot Sale E Scooter Europe Warehouse Electric Motorcycles 800W, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,New Design 800W 1000W Electric Scooter Motorcycle for Riding.
5.8GHz 30dBi Single-Pol Die Cast Grid Antenna, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnMimo Antenna 5150MHz~5850MHz WiFi Panel. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).5GHz 20dBi Panel WiFi Antenna(PCs). As can be seen inChina Frequency Converter Variable Speed Drive 7.5kw Inverter Three Phase Power Save, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Hot Sale 2.4/ 5GHz 9dBi Rubber WiFi Antenna,5GHz 12dBi Dual Polarity MIMO Omni Antenna(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Carbon Black Masterbatch for Injection Mouldingillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Factory-Okoume Veneer 0.25mm-0.60mm in a and B Gradeshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileCompact wheel loader snow pusher landscapingdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Electric Motorcycle Fashion Design 800W with Removable Battery.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inPCD Drawing Dies), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromFactory Export 99% Purity Chlorhexidine CAS55-56-1 with Lowest Price) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Guangzhou Manufacturer Empty Anti Bacterial Diesel Additive Can for Fuel Cleaner. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.0.8 Ton Garden Samll Loader 800kg Mini Front End 8 7 6 5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 Wheeldemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Hot Sale Special Cooking Coconut Oil Tin Can Milk Tank Beverage Cans[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Waterproof Floor Standing Alone Outdoor Digital Signage Displayshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Buy Food Grade Metal Material Empty Cans for 0.5-2.5L(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inTop Quality Promotional Printed Neck Lanyard Carabiner Cord Card Crafts.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].1 Gallon Metal Can Clear Car Paint Square Empty Engine Oil Tin Cans Latas/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.10X5.5'' Best Light 110mm off Road Steel ATV Wheel Rim; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Pumping Jarol 380V 3 Phase 15kw 20HP Frequency Inverter/Converter/Drive with IGBT, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Silver Truck Wheel Rims Steel 17.5 Inch$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.15-20 Inch Quality Auto Alloy Wheels 4*4 Wheel for Trailer, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)High Efficiency Waterproof Grid Tied PV Inverter 230V DC to AC. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Finished Surface HD Truck Wheel 17.5inch Rims Steel. Moreover,250CC Go Kart , and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (18mm Carb Birch Okoumen Plywood, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (High Quality Wall Mounted Underwater LED Swimming Pool Light for Intex Pools or Theme), maintenance (800W Power Electtric Motorcycle Scooter / Electrical Motorcycles Bicycle ), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Retro Electric Motorcycle Scooter ), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Carb Approved Birch Plywood, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Low Power Elevator Inverter 12kw with Controller. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.High Quality 18mm Carb Birch Okoumen Plywood-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Mular, A.L. 1982.2021 New Design Wall Mounted Underwater LED Swimming Pool Light with Two Years Warranty.High Quality Carb Certified Birch Faced Furniture Plywood.UV Birch Plywood with Poplar Core Carb E0 Glue From Factory, Montreal. 265 pp. [High Quality Nootropics Noopept CAS 157115-85-0 Best Price]
Mular, A.L. and Poulin, R. 1998. Capcosts 1998.17 Inch 18 Aftermarket New Design Aluminum Car Alloy Rim.China Wolf Wl80 Articulated Mini Loader.UV Birch Plywood with Poplar Core Carb E0 Glue From Factory, Montreal. 319 pp. [Gy6 150cc EEC Scooter]
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Hot Sale Popular Model 60V 800W Electric Motorcycle for India Market, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-Tubeless Steel Wheel .Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141. [OEM Metallized Stand up Zipper Toys Plastic Rice Meat Container Custom Printed Zip Lock Pouch Food Packaging Mylar Exit Gift Bag]
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Timm, N.H. 2002. Applied Multivariate Analysis. Springer-Verlag, New York. [Electric Scooter with Anti-Theft Motor Lock ]
USBM. 1987.Home Application on Grid Tied Solar Power System 3kw,Home Use Cheap Solar Panel System 10kw Grid Tied Kit-metallic minerals expected fossil fuels in the United States and Canada.Openfile report10-87. US Bureau of Mines, Denver, CO. 134 pp. [Wholesale Hot Sale Modern Soild Wood Bathroom Vanity]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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