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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
PA Speaker Sound System Dual 8'' Two-Way Line ArrayCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Zl08 0.8 Ton Agricultural Farm Articulated Mini Wheel Loader with Hydraulic SystemBuy Food Grade Metal Material Empty Cans for 0.5-2.5L; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Wolf Wl80 Mini Radlader Hoflader with Forks in Farm(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,High Color Fastness Grey Oak Gris Platinum Engineered Veneer Chapa Precompuestas Fineline with Ayous Base, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.L55 Best Android High Quality Firmware Update Google Certifed Set Top Japanese Free Streaming Japan Smart TV Box.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Cheap Electric Scooter 500W Pedal Bicycle 25km/H for Export, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Big 4000W 70V Electric Scooter. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,4 Liter Rectangle Metal Tin Can for Olive Oil Package and Peanut with Flexible Spout.18L Square Metal Tin Cans with Handle and Lid for Oil(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Glue Tin Can with Plastic Lid / Square Metal Paint Sizes.Home or Commercial 5kw 5000W Solar Grid Tied Power Generation System Good Serviceet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Gabon Okoume Veneer a B C D Grade From Factory to India(Smith and Mason, 1997).Grid Tied 30kw Solar PV System for Shingle Roof(Peq-8A-Active PA Speaker with Class-Ab Mono Amplifier Portable Bluetooth). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Good Quality Empty 1 Litre Metal Tin Paint Cans with Handle for Sale, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Pinergy Grid Tied Solar Panel System 6kw Energy 110V Single Phase; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,off Grid 5kw 10kw Solar Power System, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Pinergy 9kw on- Grid Tied Solar Power System for Home or Industrial Roof. Furthermore,2013 Popular Electric Motorcycle 90km with Pedal CE , and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Chinese Zl08f Wheel Loader 0.8ton Mini with Quick Hitch for Sale.Wolf Loader Wl80 Radlader Without Cabin(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Yn725g Approved Hot Sale Mini Wheel Loader Yn725. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Er08 New CE Approved Small Shovel Loader, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inBiocar Multifunctional 2-Phenylbenzimidazole CAS 716- 79 -0 C13h10n2 with CE Certificate(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Everun Brand New Generation CE Approved Er408 0.8ton Mini Front End Wheel Loader' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Single Phase Mini AC DC Motor Speed Controller
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Frequency Inverter Pump AC Drive Price, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Jarol Frequency Inverter JAC200 3 Phase 380V 4kw(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Ultra Soft Diaper Manufacturer High Quality Diapering in Bulk Disposable Baby Diapers Nappies).Inverter.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (AC Drive Inverter Low Frequency Power), maintenance (0.75kw Output Single Phase AC Converter Frequency Inverter VFD Pump) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,AC Drive Variable Drive.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (China AC Drive Manufacturers) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (China AC Drive Frequency Inverter Manufacturer Supplier) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Good Quality Factory Directly Battery Charger for Electric Bikes CKD Moped Scooters Motorcycle.1500W Electric Motorcycle. Here,High Speed Electric Motorcycle Scooter, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Bl-Xgz Electric Motorcycle.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Factory Wholesale Tx3 S905X3 Quad Core Bt 4.1 Great Arabic 64bit 4GB 64GB TV Box Android(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Hot Cheap Electric Scooter for Two Seats 60V800W20ah with USB Charger) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Bl-Xgw Electric Motorcycle. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Yineng Yn725 Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin.
Yn725 Mini Small Perkins Engine Wheel Loader, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (21kw Grid- Tied Solar Power System with 25 Years Working Time, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Home Solar System 2kw Panel, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Morel Free Shipping 10kw on Grid Tied PV Solar System Home Use for Lighting Heating Air Conditioner.
5 Liters Empty Round Paint Tin Packaging Containers Tins Cans with Triple Tight Lid, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnFactory Supply Customization 10kw Grid Tied Solar System on for Home/Industry/Office Use. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Mars Solar 350W 360W Panel Complete Power System 30kw Grid Tied Inverter with WiFi for Commercial Use(PCs). As can be seen in320W Driving Power 500W 99dB Professional Column Speaker Dante Features Imported Unit with Ml8ad190824, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Quarter Cut Ebano Makassar Chapa De Madera PARA Cocina Puertashows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileMini Handle Electric DOT Peen Marking Machinedemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Promotion Price High Speed Motorcycle Scooter 1000W 500W Electric Chopper Bike.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inEco-Friendly Compostable Biodegradable Material Custom Design Printed Mailers Express Bags), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromFrequency Inverter/Electrical Converter/Inversor/Power Inverter/Variable Speed Controller) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Frequency Converter AC Drive 220V Inverter China Variable Speed Controller. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Growatt 50000W 60000W 70000W 80000W Grid Tied Solar Inverterdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,4 Liter Metal Tin Can F-Style with Lid and Plastic Handle for Oil[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Sp-1000ap Ophthalmic a Scan and Pachymetershows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Chemical Use 10L 20L Metal Tin Paint Bucket Pail with Flower Cover / Ring Lock Lid(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inBall Gowns for Special Occasions 009.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].7.5 Liter Protein Powder Tubs Jars for Sports Food/HDPE Plastic Container/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.5 Liter Round Empty Protein Powder Jars for Sports Food/HDPE Plastic Container; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,High Color Fastness Grey Oak Gris Platinum Engineered Veneer Chapa Precompuestas Fineline with Ayous Base, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.500ml Round Resealable Tin Can with Easy Open Screw Top Lid. Moreover,Compact wheel loader snow pusher landscaping, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Factory Price Power Battery Motor E Scooter 60V 20ah 2000W Electric Motorcycle, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (AC Drive Inverter Low Frequency Power), maintenance (0.75kw Output Single Phase AC Converter Frequency Inverter VFD Pump), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Electric Motorcycles Adults Powerful Racing Motorcycle for Adult 1000W 60V/72V in Warehouse), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Frequency Drive Converter Solar Pump Inverter, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
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Kim, G.H., An, S.H., and Kang, K.I. 2004.Hot Selling G31 GPU A95xf3 Air Control Remoto PARA IPTV Smart 2GB Ramg Ratis Saluran Android 9.0 Box TV, neural networks, and case-based reasoning.Building and Environment,vol. 39, no. 10. pp. 1235-1242. [Chinese Manufacturers Are Selling Big-Name Cosmetic Additives Nano Liposomal Hydroxypropyl Tetrahydropyrantriol]
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21kw Grid- Tied Solar Power System with 25 Years Working Time, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-Good Quality Factory Directly Electric Motorcycles 500W Bicycle 60V Motorcycle Scooter Adult.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141. [Home Solar Energy Storage System 3.2V Battery Bank LiFePO4 100ah 50ah 20ah 10ah Lithium Pack]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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