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P1.25mm UHD High Resolution 4K Indoor LED Display Screen
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
DC 24V Alternator Generator Speed Control Board Interface Module Eim258-9755Cost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.AC to Drive 380V Frequency Inverter 4kwYangtze 10kw Grid- Tied Solar System; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Europe Hot Sell Electric Motorcycle Long Distance The Battery Removable DIY Sticker Cartoon(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,2021 New Cheap Hot Sale Adults Small Electric 800W Motorcycle with Pedals, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.China Hot Sale Single Phase Variable Frequency Inverter 1.5kw 220V.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Small Fquequency Inverter/Converter for Mini Motor, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,1.5kw 1HP AC Frequency Inverter. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,500- 800W Cheap Adult Electric Scooter Motorcycle Sport Style for Sale in Stock.Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw No Cabin(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Jarol Frequency Inverter with High Quality .Linyi 9mm/12mm/15mm/18mm Pine/Bintangor/Okoume Film Faced Plywoodet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Raw Material of Making Compound Fertilizer Ammonium Sulfate N1%(Smith and Mason, 1997).China Hot Sale Frequency Converter/Inverter 380V 50/60Hz(TUV Certificate Gried Tied on Grid 20kw Solar PV System). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Residential Grid Tied 6kw Solar Power System for Home, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Best Factory China Environmentally Friendly 800W CE Certification Electric Motorcycle for Adult; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Good Quality Factory Directly Electric Motorcycle 800W 1000W 60V for Adults, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.on Grid Solar Panel System 30kw Tied Home Power. Furthermore,Tractor loader/ mini loader with four wheels for loading, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-2021 60V 20ah EEC Motorcycle Electric Moped Scooter 500/ 800W Motorbike.Chinese Industrial Titan Small 0.8 Ton Articulated Earth Mover Euro Auto Mini Farm Truck Wheel Tractor Front End Loader for Sale(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Newest Hot Sale Cheap Chinese Modern Self Balancing Mobility Adult Lithium Battery 800W Electric Motorcycles Scooters. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Three Phase Frequency Inverter Made in China Hot Sale, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inHigh Quality 18watt RGB Resin Filled Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Lights with Two Years Warranty(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;0.8ton mini wheel loader with small bucket for multifunctional use' names:
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►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,2852 Alicosolar Solar Energy System 10kw 5kw Power Home 15kw Grid Tied, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Cheap Commercial Plywood for Construction Decoration and Furniture Use(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Electric Cable Passing Die From Zhuzhou Good).Kodi TV Box Fully Loaded Chrome Android 9.1 OS T95 Max H6 4G 32g Internet Satellite.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Solar Panel System 20kw Grid Tied Home Power 20 Kw Energy), maintenance (20kw Grid Tied Solar System) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Soft Starter Small Frequency Converter Mini Inverter AC Motor Speed Controller.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Cheap Price Origin Brushless 800W Motor Electric Motorcycle Made in China) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Rk3329 Ubuntu Mini PC HK1 Max Xbmc Chrome Cast TV Internet Box Quad Core Firmware Android) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.220VDC to 220VAC Variable Frequency Inverter.Solar Pump Inverter 1.5kw AC Drive Frequency Welding Machine. Here,Electrical VFD Frequency Inverter Three Phase 220V 380V 7.5/11kw for Solar Pump, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.380V 400Hz 3p AC Drive Hot 15kw Frequency Converter(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Single Phase Input and Output 220V Able 640 Static Frequency Converter 400Hz) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,3 Phase Mini AC DC Frequency Inverter Motor Speed Controller Power Supply 5.5kw-110kw. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)VFD Frequency Converter Inverter for Constant Pressure Water Supply.
AC Drive Solar Pump Inverter 220V 380V Three Phase Inverters, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (7.5HP Elevator Inverter Price Electronics 220V 240V Three Phase Pump, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
large cabin and powerful engine Customized 0.8ton mini wheel loader, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Qingzhou 0.8ton Shovel Loader Small Front with Bucket for Sale.
Eougem 0.8ton Articulated Payloader Zl08 with Changchai Engine, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnAL908 0.8ton Wheel Loader Machinery for Sale. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Chinese Everun Zl08 800kg 0.8 Ton Compact Small Mini Wheel Loader with Snow Bucket(PCs). As can be seen inE320L/B/C/D Boom Arm Bucket Cyl Seal Kit Excavator Oil Kits, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Outdoors Professional/PRO Audio Speaker shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileCheap Price Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate Steel Gradedemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,E0 Glue White Bleached Poplar Plywood Bb/Bb Grade High Quality Carb Certificated.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inBrand of OEM&ODM Breathable Magic Cotton Cheap Disposable Wholesale Baby Diapers), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromProfessional Loudspeaker Line-Array Speaker Sound Audio System with Vr112) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.18mm Embossed Melamine Faced Commercial Plywood for Furniture Making. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.High Quality Oxytetracycline CAS 79 -57-2 with a Exposure Rate and The Latest Date of Productiondemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Filmfaced Plywood with High Quality and Cheap Price[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.New Condition Large Capacity Mini Truck Dumpershows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.9mm E1 Glue Bintangor Plywood Board(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inYishan 160HP swamp hydraulic track type dozer TSY160G with straight-tilt blade.
Cost model for variable-E0 12mm Good Quality Melamine Laminated Plywood for Furniture Produce/Baby Room
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].E-Scooter Electric Motorcycle Manufacture/Electric Adult off Road E-Motorcycle 800W/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.AC Drive; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,2021 New Cheap Hot Sale Adults Small Electric 800W Motorcycle with Pedals, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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China Reliable Quality 3.7kw 3-Phase Solar Water Pump Inverter for Irrigation System$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.15kw Grid Tied Solar System, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Rosen 8kw Grid Tied on Solar Panel System. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.0.5HP Elevator Inverter Price Electronics 220V 240V Three Phase Pump. Moreover,12kw Grid Tied Complete Set Easy Installation Solar Energy System for Home Use or Industrial, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Grid Tied 11kw Solar Panel System Home Commercial Power Supply, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Solar Panel System 20kw Grid Tied Home Power 20 Kw Energy), maintenance (20kw Grid Tied Solar System), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,5kw Grid Tied Solar Power System for Home Use), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.12kw Grid Tied Solar System, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Chinese Frequency AC Drive Pure Sine Wave Inverter Mini Water Pump Motor Controller. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.200cc/300cc Adults Racing Go Kart for Sale Ce Certificate-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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