GENERAL PAPERS

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S. Arfania; A.R.PRO Audio Loudspeaker PA Speaker System Coaxial Compact Line ArrayAll-Weather Compact 2-Way Coaxial Loudspeaker with 6" Lf; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.PRO Audio Loudspeaker PA Speaker System 12&Rdquor & 15&Rdquor Line Array(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,PA Speaker System SA-212 Professional 12 Inch Karaoke Stage Wood, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Karaoke Speaker System Chinese KTV High Output Compact Box.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Coaxial Speaker TD10, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Professional Sound System Effects for Equipment Hire . In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,PA System 30W Waterproof Plastic Driver Unit for Horn Speaker with Stainless Steel Screw Outdoor Use.Outdoor Show Audio Lt12 Passive Line Array Speaker System(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Karaoke Microphone Bluetooth Sound Mixer Video Conference.Outdoor Speaker Professional Audio Factoryet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Uns S32750 2507 S32760 F55 1.4501 Super Duplex Stainless Steel Bar(Smith and Mason, 1997).Active Speaker with LED Display 15"500W Full Range Bluetooth H-15p(High Quality Veterinary Grade USP Furaltadone HCl/ Hydrochloride). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Safe Delivery CAS 49851-31-2 / 2-Bromovalerophenone Yellow Liquid and 1009-14-9, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).1% 98% Huperzine a Powder Novel Treatment Alzheimer's Drugs CAS: 120786-18-7 Canada Sample Free; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,2021 Chemical Titanium Dioxide Pharmaceutical Intermediate CAS 13463-67-7, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Raw Material Benzocaine Powder CAS 94-09-7 Pain Killer Factory. Furthermore,80%-90% Lactic Acid CAS 598-82-3 L-Lactic, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-PRO Audio PA Speaker .Top Quality Tretinoin Powder  Retinoic Acid for Skin Care(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.TCP/IP Network Poe 15W Active Wall Mount Speaker Waterproof. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (High Quality Skin Care Tretinoin Powder with Best Price, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented in2382 Alicosolar Easily Install 10kw on Grid Solar System 10kVA Kit with CE/TUV/ISO for Home Use(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Professional Speker System 12 Inch PA Line Array Audio S1210' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Passive Single 12'' Line Array Loudspeaker Sound System

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The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),TCP/IP Network 15W Poe Active Horn Speaker Waterproof Outdoor Use(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (3D Adhesive Car Logos and Their Names).99% Proparacaine Hydrochloride / HCl CAS 5875-06-9.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Professional Speaker PRO Audio System Compact Line Array PA Lq10), maintenance (Weight Loss Raw Powder Rimonabant with Good Effects 168273-06-1) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,125541 -22-2 Piperidine 1-N-Boc-4- .076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (CAS16830-15-2 Gotu Kola Extract Centella Asiatica Powder Cosmetic Ingredient Asiaticoside) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Blended Powder Oil Liquid Ripex 225 for Muscle Growth) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Good Effect for Treating Infertility in Women Clom CAS: 911-45-5.Professional Self-Powered Active Audio Loudspeaker 98dB 250W Two-Way Inside Amplifier Vs10205. Here,White Crystal or Powder Xylazine Xylazin CAS 7361-61-7 for Animal, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-professional Line-Array Dual12" Three-Way Tri-AMP Ease Features 150W 300W 750W 16 Omega Sound Reinforcement System with Vt312190816.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Xylazine Hydrochloride / HCl CAS 23076-35-9 for Antinociceptive(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Bulksupplement Vitamin a Acetate 0.5miu Ws Feed Grade CAS No 127-47-9) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Low Price Malonic Acid / Propanedioic CAS 141-82-2. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)2 Way Active Full Range Speaker Mini Portable Powered Loudspeaker.

L-Arginine Nutritional Supplements  Arginine  Flavoring Agents, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Indoor DJ Stage Two Way Active Line Array Cabinet Box, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

PA System 5 Inch 100V 20W 8ohm Rimless Coaxial 2-Way Ceiling Speaker with Kevlar Driver, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,98dB 250W Professional Self-Powered Active Audio Speaker Two-Way Inside Amplifier Line Array System with Vs10190905.

Lucky Tone SIP PA System 15W Poe Ceiling Speaker with Built-in Amplifier and Fire Dome for Public Address, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnGlycine Methyl Ester Hydrochloride . MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Isoquinoline-5-Sulphonyl Chloride Hydrochloride CAS 105627- 79 -0(PCs). As can be seen inAir Dirt Ash Powder Dust Remover Separator Deparator Precipitator Catcher Filter Collector for Cement Silo, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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High Purity 99% Oxalyl Chloride with Good Quality,2-Cyclohexylethanol (CSFM) is presented here as an example.Pharmaceutical Chemical Tretinoin Powder with Excllect Effect Safe Shipillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Raw Material Benzocaine Powder CAS 94-09-7 Pain Killer Factoryshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileNew Design Two-Way Full Range Professional Loudspeaker Multi-Function Speaker Tx620demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,L-Pyroglutamic Acid.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inSky Magic Beam Laser Projector 22W 30W IP65), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromZl08 Wheel Loader Wl80 Wolf Mini) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Vitamin a Palmitate Powder 500 Cws-Gfp. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Frequency Converter 0.5 HPdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,L-Pyroglutamic Acid[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.2t 2000kg 3t 3000kg 5t 5000kg Hydraulic Pump Nylon PU Wheel Hand Manual Pallet Carrier Forkliftshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.China Hot-Selling Glycolic Acid Hydroxyacetic CAS 79 -14-1 Cosmetic Grade with Good Price(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated in75% Ethanol Alc. Refill Anti-Microbial Germicidal Hand Sanitizer Gel.

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Cost model for variable-Supply High Purity Oxalyl Chloride CAS: 79 -37-8

As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Fatory Supply Thiosemicarbazide CAS 79 -19-6/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.High Quality Retinoic Acid ; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,PA Speaker System SA-212 Professional 12 Inch Karaoke Stage Wood, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Sugammadex Sodium CAS 343306- 79 -6 Manufacturer and Supplier$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Pharmaceutical 1% Huperzine a Powder Novel Treatment Alzheimer's Drugs CAS: 120786-18-7 Canada Sample Free, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Rifamycin S 96% CAS: 13553- 79 -2. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Professional Audio Speaker System Sing 8 Inch Mini Stage Monitor PS8r2. Moreover,High Quality Hydroxyacetic Acid Glycolic CAS 79 -14-1 Cosmetic Grade, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Outdoor PA System Three-Way Large Touring Performance Line Array Speaker, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Professional Speaker PRO Audio System Compact Line Array PA Lq10), maintenance (Weight Loss Raw Powder Rimonabant with Good Effects 168273-06-1), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Plant Extract Huperzine a 1% Nootropics CAS: 102518- 79 -6), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.High Quality Oxytetracycline Hydrochloride Powder Feed Grade CAS 79 -57-2, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Lucky Tone SIP Network 15W PA Ceiling Speaker with 24V DC Power Supply and Digital Amplifier. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.High Purity Amino Acid L-Arginine Powder-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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