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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Promotion Price High Speed Motorcycle Scooter 1000W 500W Electric Chopper BikeCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Dual 12 Inch Top Passive Line Array Speaker and Single 18 Sub SystemSmall Column White Color Church Conference Room Speaker; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Power Amplifier Module Board + Made in China 400 Watt AMP(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Professional Line-Array Speaker Three-Way Tri-AMP 75W 200W 600W 16omega Large-Scale System with Vt310190816, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Tp01 Piezo Electric Dome Tweeter.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Line Array of Parts for PRO Audio Speaker , sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Line Array with Accessories for PRO Audio . In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Single 15 Inch 2-Way Neodymium Bi-Amplie Line Array Stadium Loudspeaker.Bulk Supply Veterinary Tranquilizer Tiletamine Xylazine Powder 14176-50-2(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Tg01 1 Inch Silk Dome Tweeter.Professional Speaker Compective PRO Audio et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Hot Selling Headset Bluetooth Wireless Headphone with Charger Case(Smith and Mason, 1997).Double 12inch Active Coaxial 29kg Line Array Speaker System(Komastu PC60-6 Arm Cyl Oil Seal Kit). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Free Shipping 99% Tranquilizer Powder Tiletamine HCl 14176-50-2 NMDA Receptor, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Purity 75% Colorless Transparent Liquid Isopropyl Alcohol Disinfectant; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Levamisole HCl Anthelmintic Agent Hydrochloride Raw CAS 16595-80-5, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Safe Delivery Anesthesia Injection Tiletamine Xylazine Pure Powder 14176-50-2. Furthermore,High Quality Chemical Pharmaceutical Intermediate Xylazine Hydrochloride CAS 23076-35-9, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-2-Carboxybenzaldehyde/Phthalaldehydic Acid CAS 119-67-5.Professional Loudspeaker Line Array PRO Audio(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Live Music Sound Line Array System for Acoustic and Electronic Performance. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (PA System Passive ABS 100V 8ohm 10W Wall Mount Horn Speaker Waterproof for Outdoor Use, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented in12V/24V/48V/60V/72V/96V LiFePO4 Battery 40ah/50ah/60ah/100ah/200ah Lithium Ion(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;900watt Amplifier Moudel Borad Chinese Class -D' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Supply 99% Purity Anesthetic Procaine Base HCl CAS: 51-05-8
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid GABA CAS: 56-12-2 with Best Price, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Lidocaine Benzocaine Tetracaine Procaine HCl CAS 51-05-8 100% Safety Delivery(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Stuffed Animals Dog Poodle Plush Toy).Hot Sale Professional Loudspeaker PRO Audio .
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Free Sample Bulk Stock Procaine South America Warehouse CAS: 51-05-8), maintenance (High Quality with Good Price Oxytetracycline HCl Powder) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Chinese Factory for Vitamin a Palmitate 0.25miu Powder.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Chinese Top Local Anesthetic Exporter Bulk Sales Procaine CAS: 51-05-8) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Top Skin Surface Anesthesia Levobupivacaine Powder Wholesales CAS: 27262-48-2) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.High Quality and Purity Raw Material Supplier Xylazine HCl CAS 23076-35-9 with Best Price.Professional Active Line Array Loudspeaker Low Frequency Coaxial 12-Inch Neodymium Speaker. Here,Q1+Q Sub Sound & Light Installation High Performance in Concert Event, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Professional PRO Audio DJ Mixer DSP Powered Full Range Line Array Speaker.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Powerful PRO Audio 2 Way Full Range DSP Powered Line Array Speaker(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Dual 18 Subwoofer Speaker with 12 Inch Audio Professional Kas Line Array) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Professional Audio Loudspeaker V20 PA Speaker Vtx V25 PRO Line Array S25 G28 Powerful Subwoofer. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Kas 12 Inch Line Array Audio Professional DJ Speakers 18 Subwoofer.
Qg-12-12 Inch Professional Full Range PRO Audio Speaker Box, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Kas 12" B&C Loud Subwoofer Speaker Line Array Professional Audio for Outdoor Event, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
High Power Two-Way Full Range PRO Audio Speaker Box System, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Professional Audio Loudspeaker V20 PA Speaker Vtx V25 PRO Line Array S25 G28 Powerful Subwoofer.
30W Dante Wall Speaker with External 24V DC Power Supply Dp 430, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnKas 12 3 Way Sound System Line Array PRO Speakers with Subwoofer. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Professional Audio Loudspeaker V20 PA Speaker Vtx V25 PRO Line Array S25 G28 Powerful Subwoofer(PCs). As can be seen inHigh Quality Tretinoin 302- 79 -4 with Good Price, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.IP PA System 6 Inch 15W SIP Poe Ceiling Speaker with Built-in Monitoring Microphone and Dry Contact in outshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileHigh Efficicency Roof Mounting Grid Tied Home Solar Energy Systemdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,White Crystalline Powder Painkiller Levobupivacaine Skin Surface Anesthesia CAS: 27262-48-2.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated in7PCS 10W Osram LED Beam Moving Head Light), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromPlastic Purple Color Masterbatch) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Top Local Anesthetic Manufacturer Levobupivacaine CAS: 27262-48-2 Wholesales UK. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Solar Pump Frequency Inverter MPPT Fuction 0.75kwdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,99.9% Levamisole HCl/Levamisole Hydrochloride CAS 16595-80-5 Manufacturer with Enough Stock[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Edible Oil Can Manufacturer Square Food Grade Metal Tinshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Food Grade Vitamin a Oil Palmitate 1.7million Units. CAS79-81-2(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inLong Lasting Scent Perfume Warehouse with Factory Price.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Top Local Anesthetic Supplier Marcaine Injection 14252-80-3 Bupivacaine Powder/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.High Quality Procainamide Hydrochloride 614-39-1; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Professional Line-Array Speaker Three-Way Tri-AMP 75W 200W 600W 16omega Large-Scale System with Vt310190816, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Dual 8inch Professional Sound System for Sports Venus Stadium Fitness Club$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Professional Audio Powerful High Compact Line Array Speaker Best Lq10, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)GMP Factory Supply Procaine Powder CAS: 51-05-8 Novocaine Free Shipping. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Top Quality Benzocaine / HCl CAS 23239-88-5. Moreover,Big Discount 99% Glycocyamine Supply Guanidineacetic Acid 352-97-6, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Guaranteed 99% Sarms Steroids Supplements Mk-677 UK Shipping Free, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Free Sample Bulk Stock Procaine South America Warehouse CAS: 51-05-8), maintenance (High Quality with Good Price Oxytetracycline HCl Powder), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,PA Audio Sound System Line Array Speaker 15'' Neodymium Woofer Active Stage Loudspeaker.), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Mixer Power Amplifier with USB, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Powered Line Array Active Stage Speaker. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.PRO Audio Loudspeaker PA Speaker System Coaxial Compact Line Array-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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