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S. Arfania; A.R.ADSS Body Slimming Beauty Machine Speaker Wall Mounting Bracket ; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Portable Themagic Fractional RF Machine for Skin Tightening(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,China Wholesale 110/90-16 High Quality Motorcycle Tyre/Tire, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Peonylighting 800W High Pole Stadium LED Flood Yard Lamp.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

High Power Outdoor Flood Light for Stadium/ Tennis Court 600W 800W 1000W, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Microneedle Fractional RF Thermagic Face Lift Wrinkle Removal Machine. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,RF Microneedle Thermal Facial Lift Beauty Equipment.Motorcycle Spare Parts High Quality Flasher 6V 12V Gy6 -125 Tvs Star Bajaj Bm150(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Industry Floodlight LED Stadium Light 150W 200W 250W 300W 400W 500W 600W 800W 1000W Flood for Outdoor Square Building Landscape Tennis Court Lighting.High Feedback Tied Malaysian Virgin Hairet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Solis 10kw Grid Tied Inverter Solis-10K-4G-LV Three Phases(Smith and Mason, 1997).Portable Lithium Ion Battery Solar Energy System 3kwh All in One Power for Use Home and Outdoor(Multi-Function 10 " Passive Full Range DJ Stage Speaker System). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Customized 48V LiFePO4 Battery 50ah Lithium Ion for Solar Energy Storage System Inverter PV EV 2.5kwh 3kwh 5kwh, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).150cc 300cc 500cc 650cc 2 Seat Adult Frames Go Kart; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,200cc Racing Go Kart for Sale Cheap, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.China 300cc Adult Road Legal 2 Seat Pedal Go Kart. Furthermore,3kwh Solar Energy Storage System, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-2021 New Design 3kwh off Grid Solar Power System LiFePO4 Battery for Home Use with Built-in Inverter.Peanut Shell and Rice Husk Continuous Carbonization Oven(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Factory Direct Wholesale 300- 17 Motorcycle Tire/Tyre. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (ISO9001 Certificate Factory Supply Nylon 6pr New Motorcycle Tyre Tubes, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inGy6 -50cc OEM Gas Scooter(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Handheld Small Portable Digital High Frequency Induction Brazing Machine with Soft Cable' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Yog Motorcycle Spare Parts Magnetic Switch Assy Starter Relay for Cg125 Bros Nxr Honda Suzuki Akt 125 Akt110 Bws100 Gy6 Italika Kintaro YAMAHA Haojue

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Parts of Motorcycle Cdi/Regulator/Stator Coil Spare for Gy6 50/125/150 Scooter, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Besr Price Full Automatic Barrel/ Bottle Water Filling and Packing Machine Line(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (2021 Top Quality UPVC Vinyl Casement Sliding Windows and Doors with Fly Screen).Medical Machine / Multipolar RF Facial Beauty.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Made in China High Performance Tubeless Fat Motorcycle Tire 180/55- 17), maintenance (Good Packed Bottle PE Film Shrink Wrapping Machine China) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,ISO9001 Certified Factory Price China Motorcycle Tires 2.75- 17.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (25kw High Frequency Induction Heater for Bolts&Rivet) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Fractional RF Vacuum Slimming Machine for Lose Weight) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Online Flying Laser Marking Machine for Operation Line.Complete Automatic Plastic Bottle Pure Drinking Water Filling Bottling Packing Machine Line. Here,Portable 20Hz RF Face Lift Machine, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-ISO9001 Motorcycle Spare Part Tubeless Motorcross Tire Size 100/90- 17.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.DOT Certified off Road Chinese Motorcycle Tire 3.00- 17(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Linear Type Thermal Film Packing Machine / Equipment) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Good Solutions 3kw Solar Home Energy off Grid System. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Jalyn Motorcycle Spare Parts Speedometer Assy Fits for Gy6 /Hunter.

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whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

10pack/M Automatic PE Film Combine Heat Shrink Wrapping Bottle Packing Wrapper Machine, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Beverage Water Packing Equipment .

Automatic Shrink Wrapping Machine 0-20package/Min, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnAutomatic Bottle PE Film Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine . MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Photovoltatic 1000V Solar Distribution Box PV Array 24 String DC Combiner AC Switching(PCs). As can be seen inHigh Quality Disodium Phosphate Sell by Factory, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Factory Supply Disodium Hydrogen Phosphate Dodecahydrate with Best Price CAS 7558- 79 -4shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileChina Jwell PVC Dual/Four Pipe High Speed Extrusion Equipment C-PVC/U-PVC/PVC-O Making Machinedemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Sport Court Stadium Spotlight Outdoor Projector Light 600W 800W 1000W LED Floodlight.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inWood CNC Router 3D Carving Machine Engraving Working Machinery), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from1000V Solar Mc4 Energy System Connector IP67 PV) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Waterproof IP66 Adjustable High Power LED Stadium Lamp 100W 200W 300W 400W 600W 800W 1000W 1200W 1500W Flood Light. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Wholesale Top Quality Retinoic Acid/Retinoic Acid Powder/Tretinoin Powder/Vitamin a CAS 302- 79 -4demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,High Quality 1L 32oz Amber Glass Bottle in Stock[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Factory Direct Semi-Synthetic Glycopeptide Antibiotic Pharmaceutical Raw Material Dalbavancin shows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Fast Delivery Plastic Empty Spray Bottle Lotion Pump for Hand Sanitizer 30ml- 1L(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated in70-36733-00 8170534 Oil Filter Housing Gasket for D12 Ec360 Ec460.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Automatic Pure/Mineral Bottle Water Packing Machine /min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.1000ml 71g 1L HDPE Plastic Bottle for Chemical Powders Liquids; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,China Wholesale 110/90-16 High Quality Motorcycle Tyre/Tire, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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20W 50W Portable Jpt/Ipg Laser Marking Machine in Germany$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.1L /1.5L Glass Juice Bottle/Beverage Bottle, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Hot Wholesale 1L /2L/3L Laundry Liquid Detergent Bottle. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Factory Outlet Dog Tag Laser Marking Machine for Metal 50W. Moreover,1500cc Watercraft with 3seat, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Portable-Rorary Type DOT Peen Marking Machine for Metal, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Made in China High Performance Tubeless Fat Motorcycle Tire 180/55- 17), maintenance (Good Packed Bottle PE Film Shrink Wrapping Machine China), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Engine Timing Kits for Cadillac Allante 4.6L V8 281 Cid 1993), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Underwater Light, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,WiFi Control Warm White 12V RGB Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light Underwater. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.20W/30W/50W Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Metal/Plastic and All The Metals-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Lashgari, A.150ah 3kwh Power Supply Deep Cycle Rechargeable Solar Battery, A.R. 2013.8mm Thickness 160mm 8watt DC12V RGB LED Swimming Pool Underwater Light,10W Tabletop Series Fiber Laser Marking Machine,vol. 23. pp. 441-446.         [A standard disposable European baby diaper]

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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