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Flexible COB WHITE LED Strip Lights IP65 Waterproof dimmable light lights with remote RF for party cabinet room
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Water/Gas-Supply PP PE HDPE Plastic Pipe/Tube Extrusion Making MachineCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Euro 5 Gy6 -50cc 4t MopedFrequency Converter for Small Power Motors 3pH 380V 50/60Hz; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Chinas Motos Electricas 500W/ 800W /1200W/1000W Electrical Electric Scooter (SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Water Proof Closed Box Delivery Tricycle, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.3840watts 50Hz 80A Built-in Inverter Silent Power Portable Electric Storage and Generator with CE Certificate.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Barrow Mini Dumper with Three Wheels, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,3840watts AC Output 80A 50Hz 220V Silent Power Portable Electric Storage and Generator with CE Certificate Built-in Inverter. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Oil Petrol Anti Corrosive Tantalum Diaphragm Pressure Sensor.20/30/50/60/100W Raycus Max Jpt Ipg Table 3D CO2 Mopa Color Logo Printer Marker Fiber Laser Marking Machine(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Gy6 150cc EEC Scooter.250W- 800W Handicapped Mobility Scooter for Old People with Basketet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for 16"X6.0" 16'x7.0' 16X8.0 16X10 Trailer Steel Rim Wheel(Smith and Mason, 1997).with Built-in LiFePO4 Energy Storage Portable Generator 3.8kwh 80A Enjoys 2 Years Warranty(Matte Black Food Packaging Stand-up Pouch Aluminum Foil Bag). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Camping Power / RV LiFePO4 Energy Storage Portable Generator 3.8kwh 80A 220V AC Output Enjoys 2 Years Warranty, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).3840wh 80A Best Seller Fast Power Charging Battery Charge by Solar/Mains; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Pedal E-Bike / Scooter Electric Bicycle 500W/ 800W, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Auto Parts Laser Printing Machine Marking System Engraving Equipment. Furthermore,Water-Proof Cover 3 Wheel Cargo Gasoline Trike, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Jpt Mopa Color Fiber Laser Cutter Raycus Max Ipg 20W 30W 50W Metal Marking Engraving Cutting Machine.2021 Most Hot Selling Electric Mope E-Motorcycle 500W- 800W(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Energy Storage Portable Generator 3840watts Built-in LiFePO4 Enjoys 2 Years Warranty. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (30W CO2 Touch Screen Laser Marking Coding Engraving Machine, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inPRO Audio PA Speaker (InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;with Built-in LiFePO4 Energy Storage Portable Generator 3.8kwh Enjoys 2 Years Warranty' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Outdoor/Home Use Built-in LiFePO4 Energy Storage Portable Generator 3.8kwh 80A Enjoys 2 Years Warranty
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Low Failure Rate High Efficiency Induction Metal Heating Machine , blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Portable Ultrasonic Ophthalmology Ophthalmic a/B Scan(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Lilyangel 15g&30g UV Gel Nail Extension Builder).Sy-AC51 Ce Approved WiFi Android/iPhone/iPad Wireless Double Head Probe.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Camping Power / RV LiFePO4 Energy Storage Portable Generator 3.8kwh 80A Enjoys 2 Years Warranty), maintenance (Hot Sale Mini High Frequency 25kw Induction Heater Price) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Convex Series Probe Type Wireless Mini Ultrasound Scanner.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (2ND Generation Ultrasound Bone Densitometer) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Hot Selling 2ND Generation Ultrasound Bone Densitometer) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Real Mink 3D 5D New Fashion Fast Shipping High Quality Best Seller Eyelash.High Quality Economic Ultrasound a/B Scan for Ophthalmology . Here,Ut-O500 Diagnosis System Portable Full Digital Ophthalmic Ultrasound a/B Scan for Eye, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Ophthalmic a Scan and Pachymeter Combined Unit.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Ophthalmic Optical Pachymeter & Biometer / a Scan (SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-1000MHz FTTH Trunk Line CATV Mini 2 Ports Signal Amplifier) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Roadside Emergency Set Auto Car Tool Kit. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)SA831r Outdoor Return Path CATV Trunk Amplifier.
2200 Degree Vacuum Hot Pressing Furnace High-Temperature for Cim, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Portable Induction Heater for Crystal Growth, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Dry diaphragm membrane sanitary pressure transducer, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Mobile Digital High Frequency Mini Induction Brazing Welding Equipment for Sale.
High Frequency Induction Heater , analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnIndustrial Vacuum Atmosphere Hot Pressing Sintering Furnace. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Softel 4u 12 Channel Agile CATV Analog RF Modulator(PCs). As can be seen in3.00- 17 Super High Quality Natural Rubber Motorcycle Tire., neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.1GHz Outdoor Bi-Directional CATV Amplifiershows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileIP68 Waterproof High Lumen Resin Filled RGB PAR56 DC12V Flat LED Wall Mounted Underwater Pool Light with Edison Chipdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Glue E1 Fsc Carb Green/Red Core Plain Mositure-Proof MDF.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inBlack & White ~ 10mm Diameter 3m Brand Small Adhesive Hook and Loop Coins Dots), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromNew Style Underwater IP68 Waterproof Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light with Edison Chip) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Melamine MDF E1 E0 Carb P2 Grade. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.10'' Neodymium Woofer Professional Loudspeaker with Brown Cone.demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Transparent Ceramics Hot Press Sintering Furnace[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.High Quality Solar PV Grid- Tied Invertersshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.6mm Raw Plain MDF ISO9001/ Carb for Decoration(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inFiber Laser Cutting Machine with Exchange Table for Metal Cutting-1000W.
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Cost model for variable-ISO
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Se0/Fsc/ Carb Naf 18mm MDF Board/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.HPM410W Submerged Integrated Level Sensor Transmitter; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Water Proof Closed Box Delivery Tricycle, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Carb /SGS Wood Fiber New Design 1220*2440mm Melamine MDF$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Coconut Shell Carbon Charcoal Making Machines Production Line, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)2440mmx1220mmx3mm Carb P2 Formaldehyde Raw HDF Board. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Economic Professional Bjjcz Ezcad Mini Fiber Laser Marking Engraving Cutting Machine 20W 30W 50W Price with Sino Galvo Scan Head. Moreover,Light Color Plain MDF Boardlight Board/Raw MDF/E2/E1/E0/ Carb P2 /Raw, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Glue E1 Carb Plain Mositure-Proof MDF, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Camping Power / RV LiFePO4 Energy Storage Portable Generator 3.8kwh 80A Enjoys 2 Years Warranty), maintenance (Hot Sale Mini High Frequency 25kw Induction Heater Price), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Melamine MDF 2440mmx1220mmx3.0mm with Carb P2 Certification), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Draught Fan Digital LED Micro Air Wind Pressure Sensor, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,HPM128 High stability Explosion-proof Pressure Transmitte. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Compressor Low Cost Small Type Pressure Transducer-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Portable Induction Heater for Crystal Growth, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-Commander 200cc ATV off-Road Quad China 150cc 180cc 110cc Kids.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141. [American Standard Oval Freestanding Thick Rim Bath Tub Made in China]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
Hjz Laser Portable Mini Fiber Marking Etching Machine Printing Mark Vin Code Name Plate on MetalDimer Acid Based Polyamide Resin for The Epoxy MaterialCorresponding author