GENERAL PAPERS

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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Innopack Food Grade Metal Tin Can for Edible Cooking Oil in Low Price(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Cheapest Price Mxq PRO Rk3229 4K Android TV Box 1GB 8GB Smart Set Top Download User Manual Firmware Update Wholesale Model, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Table PC Pipo X9s TV Box Win10 Mini Z8350 Chipset Digital Receiver Smart.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Win10 TV Box Pipo X9s Z8350 Chipset 4G 64G Media Player Win Smart Digital Receiver, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Variable Speed Inverter China Frequency Converter AC. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Natural Material Veneer Hand Made Woven for Wall Decoration.458 Alicosolar High Efficiency 10kw on Grid Solar System Kit Home with CE/TUV/ISO for Use(Khalesiet al.,2015).

5kw Single Phase Home Grid Tied Solar Power System.Hot Sale 15kw Grid Tied Solar Photovoltaic Power Systemet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Double 6" Professional Speaker Line Array(Smith and Mason, 1997).5kw Inverter Grid Tied Solar Power System for Home(30Hz J45 Worldwide Download User Manual for Android Case DDR4 4GB/128GB Octa-Core 2021 Control 4G Internet Set Top TV Box). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)975 Solar 30kw 40kw on Grid Tie Power System for Factory/House Roof, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Rosen 55kw Grid Tied on Solar System to Global Market; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Cheap Factory Price China Supplier 1000W Adult Electric Scooters/Electric Motorcycle for Sale, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Hot Cheap Electric Scooter 60V800W20ah for Adult From China. Furthermore,Luxury 350W 2 Wheel Electric Bike Scooter/Electric Moped with Pedals Motorcycle Scooter, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Cheap Cute Electric Scooter with Foot Pedal 60V800W20ah From China.China Qingzhou Titan Zl08f 0.8ton Mini Small Garden Tractor Front End Wheel Loader(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Three Phase 220V Frequency Converter with Vector Control. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (China Frequency Converter Variable Speed Drive, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inGlass Bottle 1L Empty 1000ml Milk(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;2021 Big Promotion Product Adult 1200W Electric Bike Motorcycle Without Pedals' names:

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►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Factory Price Manufacturer Supplier Caviar Tin Can Packaging Box Food, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Customized Metal Tea Canister Food Packaging Box Round Can Tin(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Newest 8K HDMI 2.1V 48gbps Hdcp2.2 Cable).Square Tin with Airtight Lever Lid for Tea.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Hot Sale Factory Direct Easy Open Tin Can for Food Cannery), maintenance (968 Solar 30kw 40kw on Grid Tie Power System for Factory Roof) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,0.15mm Rosewood Veneer.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Interior Decorative Woven Veneer Customized Style) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (4WD Wheel Loader Manufacture Small Radlader 1.0 Ton Mini780) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Farm Machinery Zl08f Mini Wheel Loader with 4 in 1 Bucket.Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin. Here,Titan China Micro New Design Small Mini Front Brand Wheel Loader with Standrad Bucket, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-0.6mm----2mm AAA Grade White Poplar Wood Veneer for Plywood Usage) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Chinese Suppliers B/C/D/E Grade Wood/Natural Birch Veneer. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Wolf Baumaschinen Zl08 Radlader with Canopy.

Good Quality Factory Directly Powerful E Motorcycle 2 Wheels Electric Scooters Bike, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Quarter Cut Ebano Makassar Chapa De Madera PARA Cocina Puerta, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

0.25-1.0mm Hot Sale Natural Red Beech Veneer for Furniture, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Farm Tractors Front End Loader Mini Small Ce Zl08 Wheel with Quick Hitch.

Cute City Electric Scooter 600V800W14ah Lithium Battery for Adults, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnYn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Natural Wood Veneer Oak /Cherry/Walnut MDF Board(PCs). As can be seen inStainless Steel Metal Rotray Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Aluminum, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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Chinese Famous Producer Everun Supply Er408 Articulated Wheel Loader with Bucket,0.3mm Rotary Cut Red Wood Veneer(CSFM) is presented here as an example.10kw Complete Set Solar Power Systems on-Grid for Home/ Industrial/Commercial Roofillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Cheap Price Zl08 0.8ton China Mini Articulated Hydraulic Front End Tractor Loadersshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileRecycle Stand up Pouch Zip Lock Dried Biodegradable Kraft Paper Bag Food Packaging Manufacturersdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Factory-Quater Cut Okoume Veneer /Mahogany in 0.50mm.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inPromotional Gifts Custom Design Metal Embossed Lapel Pin for Soldier), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from100% Passing The Customs Europe Free Shipping BMK Glycidate 16648-44-5) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Gurjan Veneer Keruing. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Best Chemical Supplier Niche Customs Guaranteed New BMK Powder CAS: 5413-05-8demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Everun CE Approved 0.8 Ton Front End Loader[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Retinoic Acid CAS 302- 79 -4 in Stockshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Empty Lubricant Oil Tin Can Packaging for Motor(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inZh-1200g-II New Type Corrugated Carton Edge Gluing Machine.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].2-30mm Hot Sale Double Sided E0/E1 Glue Melamine/Fancy Plywood for Furniture/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.New Products Customized Support 1080P Decoder Box H. 265 TV with Internet Port; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Cheapest Price Mxq PRO Rk3229 4K Android TV Box 1GB 8GB Smart Set Top Download User Manual Firmware Update Wholesale Model, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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970 Solar 30kw 40kw on Grid Tie Power System for Factory Roof$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Best Price Food Tin Metal Box Clip Lid Candy Can, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)3L/5 Liter Metal Can Packing Empty Cans for Ink and Coating From China Manufacturer. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.High Quality Mxq PRO 4K Rk3229 1GB 8GB Android7.1 Quad Core Android TV Box. Moreover,High Efficicency Roof Mounting Grid Tied Home Solar Energy System, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (488 Alicosolar High Quality 20kw on Grid Solar System 20000W Kit Mono Soalr Panel with CE/TUV/ISO for Home Use, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Hot Sale Factory Direct Easy Open Tin Can for Food Cannery), maintenance (968 Solar 30kw 40kw on Grid Tie Power System for Factory Roof), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,969 Solar 30kw 40kw on Grid Tie Power System for Factory Roof), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.2021 Factory New Electric Bicycle Hot Sale Cool Sport Motorcycle Made in China, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Rosen 9kw Grid Tied on Solar System to Global Market. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Frequency Converter 200HP Three Phases-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

References

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Lashgari, A.800kg Wolf Zl08 Wheel Hoflader Loader Mini Bagger with Attachments, A.R. 2013.High Quality Cheap Custom Logo Printing Round Metal Cans with Lids,Factory 18L Wholesale Large Square Aluminium Tin Can with Screw Top Lid,vol. 23. pp. 441-446.         [2MP 1080P Waterproof IR Network CCTV IP Camera]

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Mular, A.L. 1982.Square Engine Oil Tin Can with Screw Cap Manufacturer Lid.Frequency Converter 60Hz 50Hz 150HP.Frequency Converter 60Hz 50Hz 125HP, Montreal. 265 pp.         [Quality Guaranteed BMK White Powder CAS: 16648-44-5 Glycidate]

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USBM. 1987.10HP Three Phase Frequency Converter,957 Alicosolar 33kw on Grid Solar Home System with Power Inverter CE/TUV/ISO Cretificate-metallic minerals expected fossil fuels in the United States and Canada.Openfile report10-87. US Bureau of Mines, Denver, CO. 134 pp.         [Carbon Steel Metal Aluminum Laser Cutter CNC Fiber Cutting Machine Rj-3015]

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

Frequency Converter 60Hz 50Hz 75HP500kw on Grid Tied Hybrid Solar Power Plant Station SystemCorresponding author