GENERAL PAPERS

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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Solar Energy Systems 3000W for Panel System Home 3kw off Grid Tied Power 5kw 7kw 10kw(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,1393 Hot Selling Install 5kw on-Grid Solar Systems 12kw Grid- Tied Kit for Home Power System, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Yn725g Yineng Mini Wheel Loader.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Solar Energy System 5kw Panel Home Grid Tied Power, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Professional Electric Adult Motorcycle 70km/H Cheap Fast Coc Design. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Yn725g 18.5kw No Cabin Yineng Mini Wheel Loader.Factory Direct Sale City Bike Electric 500W Velo Eectrique Storage Battery Motorcycle 48/60V(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Haolin Lithium Battery 60V/20ah.Super Fashion Cheap Electric Scooter 60V 72V Long Range Powerful Motorcycleet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Light and Durable Mixing Console Mg124cx Audio Mixer(Smith and Mason, 1997).Empty Gal Metal Round Tin Can 118ml 4oz Bundi PVC Pipe Glue Bottle with Brush(GAS Wind Pressure Transmitter with Data Display). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Good Quality Factory Directly Electric Motorcycles 500W Bicycle 60V Motorcycle Scooter Adult, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).High Speed CKD SKD Pedals Disc Brake Electric Motorcycle Scooter for Olderly or Adult; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Adult Electric Motorcycle with Lithium Battery China, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Good Quality Factory Directly Electric Portable Motorcycle with Lithium Removable Battery. Furthermore,Hot Sale Factory Direct Supply 60/72V Electric Scooter Green Power Adult E-Motorcycle, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Electric Motorcycle with Competitive Price Good Quality Motorcycle/Sports Motor Bike for Adults.Solar Inverter Pump Inverters 5.5kw(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.10 Liter Customized Printed Square Metal Fuel Oil Tin Cans for Paint Coating Solvent. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (350ml Brake Fluid Glue Tin Bottle, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inPortable Mini Mobil Cover Fiber Color Laser Marking Machine with Ezcad(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;9L Tight Head Tin Can with Tap for Oilve Oil Ink and Paint' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Frequnce Converter AC Drive 380V 11kw

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Solar Inverter Pump 15kw, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),China Manufacturer 5000W Grid Tied Home Solar Energy System Low Cost(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (CNC Low Price Fiber Laser Cutting Machine for Metal Sheet).TUV Ce Europe Popular 6000W Grid Tied Home Solar System.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (High Quality X96 Max Android 9.0 Smart 4K Set Top Set-Top 4GB 64GB Firmware Ott TV Box), maintenance (Yn725g Yineng Mini Front End Loader) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,China Everun Er408 Small Loader Compact with Pallet Forks.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Yn725g 18.5 Kw/2) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (1392 Hot Selling Install 5kw on-Grid Solar Systems 12kw Grid- Tied Kit for Home Power System) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Yn725g 18.5kw Cabin Yineng Mini Wheel Loader.Yn725g Yineng Mini Wheel Loader. Here,CE Certified Earth-Moving Machinery Everun 800kg Er408 Mini Wheel Loader, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-3kw Solar Power System for Home Use on Grid.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Solar Energy System 5kw Panel Home Grid Tied Power 6kw 8kw 10kw(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Everun Brand CE Certificated Articulated 0.8 Ton China Shovel Loader) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,PNG Easy Install 12kw 15kw Grid Tied System with Home Delivery Service. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)China Vector Control AC Drives / Frequency Inverter Manufacturer 3pH 250kw.

Yangtze Solar Power Grid Tied System Home 5kw 5K, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Hot Sale and Competitive Price Electric Motorcycle Scooter for Daily, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

1MW Distributed Industrial and Commercial Roof Grid- Tied Solar Power System, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,AC Fan Frequency Inverter VFD Vector Control 3pH 30kw.

3 Liter High Quality Customized Square Printed Tin Cans for Oil/Paint, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnMetal Tin with Steel Handle for Paint. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Innopack 500ml Round Conveyor Belt Glue Tin Can with Caps(PCs). As can be seen inSingle 10 Inch Two Way Professional Passive Coaxial Monitor Speaker, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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1lt Metal Tin Plated Container Round Paint Can with Triple Tight Lid Manufacturer Wholesale,China Vector Control AC Drives / Frequency Inverter Manufacturer 3pH 45kw(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Fg Controller Generator Engine Interface Module Eim Basic MK3 258 -9755illustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Engine Interface Model Eim 630-465 630-466 630-088 Olympian Massey Module Replace Fg Wilson Speed Controller 258 -9753 -9755 12V 24Vshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileAuto Engine Diesel Parts Fuel Injector Common Rail Nozzle Dlla162p2266demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,AC Fan Frequency Inverter VFD Vector Control 3pH 18kw.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inYingjiao High Power Smart Industrial Intelligent Battery Charger), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from150cc China Gas Motor Cargo Trike for Sale ) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.AC Fan Frequency Inverter VFD 3pH 15kw. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Hot Sale Popular Model 60V 800W Electric Motorcycle for India Marketdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,AC Fan Frequency Inverter 3pH 7.5kw[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.2021 Popular Great Large 5.95 Meter Swimming Pool Laswim Bathtub Hot Tub SPAshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Inverter Cabinet VFD Frequency(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inRubber Accelerator Pre-Dispersed Masterbatch Tmtd-80.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Yn725g 18.5kw Cabin Yineng Mini Wheel Loader/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Yn725g 18.5kw No Cabin Yineng Mini Wheel Loader; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,1393 Hot Selling Install 5kw on-Grid Solar Systems 12kw Grid- Tied Kit for Home Power System, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Yn725g Yineng Mini Wheel Loader$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Roof Mounting Solar System 10kw off Grid Tied Power, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Screw Top Metal Tin Can. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.a. S Solar Wholesale Price System Grid Tied Energy Systems 5kw Panels. Moreover,Best Selling! 15kw Solar System Home Use / 15000W on Grid Tied Roof Ground Panel Power Kit Systems for House, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Yn725g 18.5kw Cabin Yineng Mini Wheel Loader, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (High Quality X96 Max Android 9.0 Smart 4K Set Top Set-Top 4GB 64GB Firmware Ott TV Box), maintenance (Yn725g Yineng Mini Front End Loader), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Yn725g 18.5kw No Cabin Yineng Mini Wheel Loader), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Yn725g Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw No Cabin, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,5L Rectangle Metal Aluminium Chemical Paint Oil Easy Open Tin Can. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Yn725 Gyineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Non -Cabin-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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