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Polished Pure White Quartz Stone for Stair/Step Skirting/Riser
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
DC/AC Frequency Inverter Solar Pump Power 400-600V Input 2.2kwCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.High Quality Waterproof 18W PAR56 RGB 12V LED Swimmiong Pool Light with Two Years WarrantyDiesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla155p273; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Nicheless Flat Resin Filled Thin 12W Wall Mounted IP68 RGB Underwater LED Swimming Pool Lights(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,2.5A 0.4kw IP20 Jarol Variable Frequency Drive, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.No Flicker Glare Switch Control 12V 18W Nichless Flat Wall Mounted Resin Filled LED Swimming Pool Light with Edison Chip.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
High Quality Underwater Swimming Pool Light Decoration LED Lamp, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,17 Inch Machined Aftermarket Alloy Wheel . In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,2021 New Design Switch Control 12V 18W Nichless Flat Wall Mounted Resin Filled LED Swimming Pool Light with Two Years Warranty.New Electric Beatiful on Road 800W Scooter E-Motorcycle(Khalesiet al.,2015).
5GHz 15dBi Dual Polarization Enclosure WiFi Antenna.Modern City Leisure Electric Scooter Motorcycle with Lithium Battery et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for 200X5000mm Vacuum Sealer Bag Roll for Food Packaging(Smith and Mason, 1997).White Truck Wheel 17.5X6.00 Steel Rims(High Lumen Resin Filled RGB PAR56 DC12V Flat LED Wall Mounted Pool Lamp with Ce RoHS). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)7.5kw MPPT with High Efficiency Solar Water Pump Controller, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Carb P2 AA/Bb Grade Birch/Okoume/Bintangor/Poplar Plywood; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,AC Variable Frequency Drive Single Phase, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.17.5X6.75 Heavy Duty Truck Trailer Steel Wheel Rim. Furthermore,Triple Phase Variable Frequency Inverter AC Drive, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-White Steel Wheel for Truck 17.5X6.00.Carb Grade 18mm Commercial Plywood(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Highlighted LED Electric Motorcycle with 60V 800W Power System. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (AC 3 Phase 380V Compact Vectorial Inverter Frequency 220V, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inSmall Wheel Loader Zl08 CE(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;High Speed Full Size Adult 800W Z1000 Electric Motorcycle' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,AC Frequency Speed Controller 7.5kw VFD Drives
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Carb P2 Bleached White Poplar Plywood for Furniture, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Professional Mini Wheel Loader for Sale with Low Price(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Portable Oxygen Concentrator for Home Use).New Model Chinese Small Loader Front End Wheel for Sale.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Mimo Antenna 13dBi CPE), maintenance (1220X2440X9mm Carb P2 Glue Bleached Poplar Plywood for Furniture) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,5GHz 25dBi Dual Pol Enclosure Antenna.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Bleached Poplar/Birch Carb Plywood) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Weifang Cp Cloud Pillar Brand Ce Approved Zl08 Multi-Function Mini Wheel Loader with Cheap Price) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Newest Kids Pedal Electric Drift Crazy Kart Go.Zl08 Mini Small Garden Farm Tractors Compact Front End Wheel Loader. Here,IN-A7 handheld color doppler linear probe hip bone ultrasound scanner, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-New Generation Engine Er08 Wheel Loader with CE/Bucket for Sale.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.7.5MHz/10.0MHz Msk/Vascular Use Wireless Ultrasound Equipment(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Whole Sale Hammerhead 150cc Go Kart with Parts. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Earthmoving Equipments Mini Wheelloader Wl80 Loader Radlader.
10MHz Linear Vascular/Anesthesia Portable Wireless Ultrasound Scanner, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Advanced 7.5MHz/10MHz Superficial Organ Use Wireless Linear Ultrasound Probe, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
WiFi Probe Type 2 in 1 Double Head Wireless Mini Color Doppler Ultrasound, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Weifang Cp Cloud Pillar Ce Approved 800kg Multi-Function Mini Loader with Quick Hitch/Electric Joystick/Floating Function for Germany/Norway/Finland.
Aj-Bmd500 New Generation Ultrasound Bone Densitometer, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andn18watt Resin Filled Wall Mounted Swimming Pool Lamp with Two Years Warranty. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).5kw Philippines Photovoltaic Offgrid Grid Tied Inverter Solar Power System Home(PCs). As can be seen in800W High Speed Electric Scooter/Bike, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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CE China manufacturers mini wheel loader for sale at cheap price,Wolf Agricultural Machinery Construction Small Front End Wheel Loader with Euro5 and Tier4 Engine(CSFM) is presented here as an example.High Temperature Vacuum Retort Pouch for Food Packagingillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.100% Passing Customs Local Anesthetic Drugs Procaine for Pain Releaseshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileEverun Er08 800kg New CE Approved Mini Cpmpact Front End 4 Wheel Bucket Loaderdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,China Portable Medical Ophthalmic a/B Ultrasound Scanner Pachymeter with B Probe for Eyes.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inSmall Plastic Toy Dragons for Kids), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromLanbowan 4.9-6.5GHz 30dBi 2FT MIMO Dish Antenna) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Ce Approved 10 Inch Automatic High Effective Ultrasound Bone Densitometer . The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Cheap CE 800W Lithium Battery Power Supply and 48V/60V Voltage Electric Motorcycledemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,5GHz 10dBi Wideband Omni WLAN Antenna[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Hair Loss Treatment Acetyl Tetrapeptide-3/Capixyl CAS 827306-88-7 Purity Min 99% Powdershows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Jy125t-36c 125cc Scooter with Cdi and Efi(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inSemi-Automatic Tube Laser Cutting Machine Round.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].2021 New Arrival China Supplying Internet TV Set Top Box Smart 4K HD 4GB Android 9 Amlogic S922X/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.5GHz 23dBi Enclosure WLAN Antenna; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,2.5A 0.4kw IP20 Jarol Variable Frequency Drive, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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off Load 150cc Motorcycle with High Speed$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.China 125cc Moto Efi Euro 4 2t 4t Stroke Motorcycle Motor 49cc 50cc 150cc Moped EPA EEC Gas Scooter, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)China Al-Gw6 800W Electric Motorbike with 60V/20ah Battery. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Linux TV Box International Internet Smart IPTV Zgemma I55. Moreover,Replica Aluminum Alloy Wheels for BMW, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (20" Inch Replica Aluminum Alloy Wheels for Astonmartin, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Mimo Antenna 13dBi CPE), maintenance (1220X2440X9mm Carb P2 Glue Bleached Poplar Plywood for Furniture), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,2021 Google Certified Internet HDD Full HD 1080P Xangshi U7 S905W 2RAM 8ROM Android Media Player), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Replica Aluminum Alloy Wheels for Volkswagen VW Tiguan Atlas Touareg, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Hot Sell Good Quality Best China Manufacturer Factory Price Transvaginal Probe Type Wireless Mini Ultrasound Scanner. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Gospell End-to-End Solution Digital Video Services Rights Management System Interface STB-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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