GENERAL PAPERS

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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Motor Electronic Power Frequency Converter 380V 2.2kw(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Pipo X8 Mini PC Smart TV Box, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Twisan Honoured Production 800kg Small Front End Loader with High Quality.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Frequency Inverter 380V 50/60Hz, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,15kw Frequency Inverter for Solar Panel and Fan Pump Input 380-600V DC. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,AC Drive for Bridge Crane VFD Using Mono Overhead 3pH 380V 11kw.Mini Variable-Frequency Drive/ VFD /Adjustable-Frequency Drive /Afd/ Variable-Voltage/Variable-Frequency /Vvvf/Drive/ Variable Speed /VSD/AC(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Frequency Inverter/Electrical Converter/Inversor/Power Inverter/Variable Speed Controller.50 to 60 Hz Frequency Converteret al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Nutrition Food Grade Dl-Pyroglutamic Acid Pure L-Pyroglutamic(Smith and Mason, 1997).AC Variable Vector Frequency Inverter(ISO Certified 100% Natural L-Arginine Powder). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Chinese Supplier of Variable Frequency Drive/AC/DC Motor Speed Controller, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).AC Drive Solar Charge Controller 3 pH Inverter Welding Machine Elevator Motor Price; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,AC Drive Frequnce Converter 5.5kw Pump Use , the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.0.8 Ton Mini Wheel Loader with Lowest Price. Furthermore,VFD AC Drive, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Automatic Motor Speed Controller Variable AC Drive 1/3 Phase 1.5 Kw 220 V/380 V.Water Pump Frequency Inverter(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Small Variable-Frequency Drive . However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (VFD Motor Drive Inverter Converter 1.5kw / 2.2kw 220V Variable Frequency, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inManufacturer Supply 1(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;VFD AC 380V 1.5kw Three Phase Inverter Frequency Converter Variable Drive' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Loading Machine

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Mini Radlader with Ce for Germany and Sweden Market, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),China Compact Payloader Zl08 Mini Front End Wheel Loader with Ce(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Advertising Shop Name Board Design You Are Magic LED Neon Sign Light for Building Letter).Farm Equipment 800kg Small Loader Payloader for Sale.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Three Phase AC Variable Speed Frequency Converter Fan Motor Pump Controller), maintenance (0.8t Multifunctional Hydraulic Wheel Loader for Farm) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Android TV Box X96 Air 4GB 32GB Media Player.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (China Articulated Wheel Loader Mr 908 Euro Style 800kg /0.8ton Mini for Sale) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Construction Equipment Mini Wheel Loader with Quick Hitch) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Avant Zl08f Mini Wheel Loader for Sale.Chinese Mini Radlader 800kg Wheel Loader with Pirce. Here,Frequency Converter 0.5 HP, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-125HP Elevator Inverter Price Electronics 220V 240V Three Phase Pump.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Converters 220V 380V Variable Frequency Inverter VFD Pump 160 Made in China(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-AC Board China Vector Control 60Hz to 50Hz VFD Drive Price) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Frequency Converter Three Phase Variable Speed Drive 220kw Generator Air Pump. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)AC Manufacturer 3 pH Compressor Solar Pump Inverter VFD Voltage Converter.

Jarol Converter 220 380 Inverter 220V to 380V Frequency 50Hz 60Hz, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (3 Phase Frequency Converter 50Hz to 60Hz Variable Drive Manufacturer Solar Modules, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

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whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Amlogic S905X3 X96 Air 2g 16g Android 9.0 Media Player.

Customized Supported Android 9.0 X96 Air Media Box, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnMini Loader/Small Wheel Loader Zl08 with CE. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).China Original Mini Bucket 0.8ton Wheel Loader Yz908 Construction Equipment(PCs). As can be seen inPMMA GPPS Sheet/Board Plastic Extruder Machine/Making Machine, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Suking Hot Selling Chemical Product shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileChina GMP Factory Supply Ester Anesthetic Prilocaine Base Raw Powder USA Warehouse CAS: 721-50-6demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Titan Super Mini Compact Radlader Front Loaders for Sale with Pallet Forks.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inMini Enrobing Machine for The Chocolate), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromSmall Frequency Inverter 380V 50/60Hz) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Titan Brand 0.8 Ton Farm Garden Use Mini Smalll Wheel Loader for Sale. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Factory Price 3 Phase 50Hz to 60Hz AC Converter Solar Pump Inverterdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Mini Wheel Loader Hot Sale with Pallet Fork Zl908[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Solar Energy Systems 3000W for Panel System Home 3kw off Grid Tied Power 5kw 7kw 10kwshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.220V 3HP Frequency Converter(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inModern 8 Person Melamine Laminated Meeting Room Waiting Conference Table.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].China Frequency Converter Variable Speed Drive 7.5kw Inverter Three Phase Power Save/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Electric Motor AC Output Power and Triple Frequency Converter VFD Drive Inverter; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Pipo X8 Mini PC Smart TV Box, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Zl08f Wheel Loaders with Ce Farm 0.8 Ton Tractor Mini/Small Compact$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.7.5HP Frequency Converter Vector, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)New Design Converter 220V 380V DC AC Inverter Motor Pump VFD Power High Quality. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Factory Price 0.8 Ton Best Cheap Mini Compact Wheel Loader with Ce. Moreover,Mammut Hot Sale Wl12 1ton Electric Control Mini Front End Wheel Loader, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (G52 Gt-King Controls Android Pendoo Freesat 9.0 Smart 64GB Recarga Octa Core TV Box 4K, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Three Phase AC Variable Speed Frequency Converter Fan Motor Pump Controller), maintenance (0.8t Multifunctional Hydraulic Wheel Loader for Farm), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Variable Frequency Drive Inverter Manufacturer 3 pH Power Saver AC Synchronous Motor), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Vectron Frequency Inverter, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

Yn725g Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw No CabinSupper Mini Wheel Loader Hzm908 Zl08f 0.8ton Compat Small BackhoeCorresponding author