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Underground electric charger for tracked mineral mud
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Variable Speed Drive MPPT Motor Controller Solar Pump Inverter Power SupplyCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.190W Professional Full-Range Speaker 4X5inch 97dB High Power Conference Banquet Hall with Ml5h190824Interior Decorative Woven Veneer Customized Style; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Professional All Weather Water-Proof Indoor Outdoor 4inch Speaker(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Birch Plywood 2-Way Crossover Passive Loudspeaker , required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Srx715 High Quality Neodymium PRO Audio.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Kf760 Line Array System for Outdoor Concert, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,4inch Outdoor Use Full Range for Public System Wall-Mounted Speaker. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,231c Dual 31-Banddigital Graphic Equalizer/Limiter.China Top Company Supply 3-Bromopropyne CAS 106 96 7 with Best Price(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Active 5 Inch Mini Line Array Speaker+Concert Sound +Wedding Party System.Hot Vtx Series V25 Dual 15 Inch Three Way Speaker Line Array Speaker/Professional Audioet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for PA Resin for Gravure Plastic and Paper Printing Ink(Smith and Mason, 1997).GMP Wholesales BMK White Powder Europe Free Shipping Pmk Glycidate CAS: 13605-48-6(Solvent Violet 59 ). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)China Hot Sale Banana Ripening Ethephon 90%Tc with Wholesale Price, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Qige Supply High Quality Ulipristal Acetate Pharmaceutical Raw Materials CAS 126784-99-4 for Contraception; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Safe Shipping Sarms Powder ACP-105, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.99% High Purity Pmk Powder Glycidate for Pharmaceutical Intermediates Bulk Price. Furthermore,Manufacturer Supply Cosmetic Raw Material 98%-102% Tretinoin , and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Shiny Fenacetin Crystal and Non Powder.Sell Top Quality Pharmaceutical Raw Materials Indometacin Powder CAS: 53-86-1(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Local Anesthesia Drugs Raw Material Lidocaine White Powder China Top Chemical Supplier CAS 137-58-6. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (BMK New Arrival High Quality Glycidic Acid CAS 16648-44-5, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inSmall Wheel Loader Wl80 800kg Loaders for Farm Work(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Experienced Supplier with Safe Clearance Fast Delivery BMK Glycidate Pmk' names:
►Analgesic Anti-Inflammatory Powder Indometacin Anti-Rheumatism CAS: 53-86-1: based on 36-foot,Niche Manufacturer Wholesales Pmk Glycidate BMK White Powder Bulk Price 16648-44-5,Hot Sell Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9%,Speaker Wall Bracket White/Black , and level control
►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,High Security Door Peephole Eyes Viewer DV3828b
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Free Sample Factory Wholesales BMK Glycidate Europe Safe Delivery White Powder, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Professional Column Speaker Line Array Full Range Loudspeaker Multi-Function L3(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Stainless Steel Milk Cooling Tank Price for Processing Line Production).Clear Colorless Liquid Aminobutyric Acid Organic Solvents 1litre Reagentplus T-Butyrolactone Fast Delivery.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (White Crystalline Powder Europe Warehouse Fast Delivery BMK Glycidate Pmk), maintenance (Factory Supply BMK White Powder Oil Eurore Warehouse Fast Delivery CAS: 5413-05-8) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Methyl 2-Bromovalerate CAS 19129-92-1 with Safety Delivery.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Factory Price Diethyl 2) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Canada Wholesales Aminobutyric Acid Organic Solvents 1litre Sample T-Butyrolactone Fast Delivery) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Compact Two-Way 4'' 6'' 8'' 100V/16-Ohm Loudspeaker with Multi-Tap Transformer.Factory Supply Dimethyl 2. Here,99% G-Butyrolactones Aminobutyric Acid Organic Solvents 1litre USA T-Butyrolactone Fast Delivery, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Overseas Warehouse Fast Delivery Organic Chemicals .
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.China Ethyl 2-Bromovalerate Liquid CAS 615-83-8(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Supply Procaine Hydrochloride China Top Factory Supplier Base Manufacturer Aoks) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Factory Supply Ethyl Valerate CAS 539-82-2. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Organic Chemicals Pharmaceutical Intermediate .
Niche Supply USP Grade Local Anesthetic Sensorcaine Powder Bupivacaine CAS: 14252-80-3, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (4'' Installation Professional Waterproof Speaker, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Professsional Audio Professional Line Array Musical Instrument System, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Vera12 Single 12" The Most Economical Line Array Sound System.
180W Professional Speaker Coaxial Single 8" Two-Way Surround PC820, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andn4 Inch Waterproof Installation Professional Speaker with 100V Fdb Audio. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Alu. Speaker Mount Wall Bracket (PCs). As can be seen inL5s Underground Ming Tyres Smooth Pattern 12.00-24 17.5-25 18.00-25 26.5-25, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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High Quality 8'' Coaxial Audio Speaker for Long Throw Distance,Wall Mount Speaker Bracket (CSFM) is presented here as an example.Factory Supply Diclofenac Sodium Powderillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.China Direct Supply CAS No.: 63428-84-2 Polyamide Resin for Untreated Filmshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while3kwh off Grid Solar Power Inverter Built-in MPPT Controller Battery Systemdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Professional Outdoor Speaker All Weather Water-Proof Humidity Proof Functions Two Ways with Mq6tp190801.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inMotorcycle Parts Gearbox Bearing Deep Groove Ball Bearings), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromKinetin; CAS No: 525- 79 -1; 6-Furfurylaminopurine; 6-Kt) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Waterproof Loudspeaker Wall Mounter 8inch Lt208/Lt208t. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Vat Violet 13demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Wireless PA System for Classroom and Church[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Frequency Converter for Water Pumpshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.All-Weather Compact 2-Way Coaxial Loudspeaker with 15" Lf(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated in7 Inch Round Apple Shape Crystal Glass Harvest Trophy with Custom Logo Engraved.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Hop Quality and Competitive Price Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9% / Isopropanol 99.9%/ Ipa/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Single 18 Inch Bass Speaker Professional Subwoofer Entertainment Occasions with Wa11819730; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Birch Plywood 2-Way Crossover Passive Loudspeaker , required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Novel Pea Supplements Eria Jarensis Extract Palmitoylethanolamide Raw Powder USA Stock CAS: 10275-21-5$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Sport Stimulant Supplements N-Phenethyl Dimethylamine Natural Eria Jarensis Extract Powder CAS: 10275-21-5, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Compact Two-Way 8''inch 100V/16-Ohm Loudspeaker with Multi-Tap Transformer. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Speaker PS10. Moreover,30W PA Active Computer 5.1 System Inexpensive Speaker, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Steel Speaker Cabinet Top Hat with M20 Thread Inside , self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (White Crystalline Powder Europe Warehouse Fast Delivery BMK Glycidate Pmk), maintenance (Factory Supply BMK White Powder Oil Eurore Warehouse Fast Delivery CAS: 5413-05-8), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Big Subwoofer Line Array Speaker ), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Ts218 Dual 18" Speakers Subwoofer Speaker Box, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Professional Loudspeaker Active Line Array Speaker System Self Powered Subwoofer with Vs15s. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Two-Way Full Range 1000W Professional Power Speaker-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
References
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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