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Christmas Event Decoration Inflatable Santa House
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
ASTM A276 Uns N08904 904L Stainless Steel PlateCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Plastic Mylar Customize Container Food Grade Zip Stand-up Pouch Packaging Bag with Clear WindowDisodium Phosphate Anhydrous as Emulsifier in Food Industry; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Single 10 Inches Passive/Active Full-Range Professional Loudspeaker(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Custom Zip Bag Plastic Stand-up Pouch Sweet Child Proof, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Combo Speaker Professional Loudspeaker /Doule 10'' Line Array System.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
PRO Audio Speaker Dual 10 Inch Professional DSP Active Line Array, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,10 " Professional Stage Performance Audio PA Trolley Wireless Bluetooth Active Speaker. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Single 10 Inch 2 Way Mini Portable Line Array Speaker.China Factory Supply CAS 79 -03-8 Propionyl Chloride with Best Quality(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Pharmaceutical Chemical 1-Hydroxypyrene CAS 5315- 79 -7.Factory Supply Dibenzylideneacetone CAS 35225- 79 -7 with Fast Deliveryet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Yn725g 18.5kw No Cabin Yineng Mini Wheel Loader(Smith and Mason, 1997).Polymer Science 2-Phenylbenzimidazole CAS 16- 79 -0(New Arrival Mr Series Audio Mixer with DSP Mr-10fx). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)High Quality Custom Printed Pet Food Packaging Bags, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Clothes /Cosmetics Plastic Packaging PP Bags PEVA/OPP/ CPE/ Pvf Shoes Shirt Storage Stock Self Heat Sealing; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Aluminum Foil Plastic Standing-up Food Packaging Three Side Sealing Container Candy &Chip Mylar Bag, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Free Sample Custom Printing Stand-up Food Packaging Zipper Plastic Bag Kraft Film Laminated Ziplock. Furthermore,Amino Acid L-Arginine 99% CAS 74- 79 -3, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Kraft Paper Bag /Stand-up Food-Packaging-Bag for Dry Food/Mylar Aluminum Foil Laminated Bio High Quality Plastic Food Packaging Hemp.Matt Food Packaging Child Proof Zipper Plastic Stand up Pouch Water &Air & Smelly Kraft Film Laminated Food&Tea&Coffee&Candy Bag(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Glossy & Matte Plastic Flat Bag Three Side Sealing Aluminum Foil with Tear Notch &Ziplock Silver Food Packaging Pouch for Food&Hemp&Tea Smell Resistant. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Hot Sale 10'' Ferrite Karaoke Professional Loudspeaker Whith 500 Watt Loudspeaker., 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inAnesthetic Raw Materials Tiletamine HCl Injection 14176-50-2 Bulk Price(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Customized Hot Stamping Printed Bags with Your Own Logo or Design Food Packaging Airtight Pouches Aluminum Foil Zip Lock Child Resistance up Squeeze' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,2021 New Compact 10 " Active Line Array Speaker Sound System
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Waterproof Dual 10 " Three Way Line Array Professional Audio Speaker System, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),PE Dog Food Pouch with Hole(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (G80 European Type Clevis Slip Hook).Dual 10 Inch Line Array for Concert Live Service .
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Professional Loudspeaker 10'' PRO Audio Speaker Passive Line Array System), maintenance (Double 10'' Compact Active Line Array) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,CAS: 13553- 79 -2; Rifamycin S.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (PE/ PA /CPP Food Vacuum Packing Bag Plastic Grade) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Fast Delivery CAS 525- 79 -1 6-Furfurylaminopurine 99% with Best Price) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Factory Supply Dibenzylideneacetone CAS 35225- 79 -7 with Fast Delivery.99% Purity 1-Bromo-3. Here,Pharmaceutical Intermediate 1, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-CAS 643- 79 -8 O-Phthalaldehyde / Phthalaldehyde with Best Price.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Factory Supply 2-Phenylbenzimidazole CAS 716- 79 -0 with Best Price(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-O-Phthalaldehyde CAS 643- 79 -8) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,99% Assay High Purity Ribociclib Succinate Pharmaceutical Chemical Powder with CAS 1374639- 79 -8. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Pharmaceutical Intermediate CAS 702- 79 -4 99% Pure 1.
Dimethylthiotoluene Diamine, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Professional Digital Audio Line Array System Dual 10 Inch Active, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
10 Inch Sound System Speaker Box China Line Array Audio Systems, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Sulfasalazine CAS No. 599- 79 -1.
Double 10'' Compact Line Array, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnKaraoke System 10 Inch Sound Speaker Cvr Professional Audio. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).2 X HDMI(PCs). As can be seen inSafety Cover Full Mini Enclosed Sealed Fiber Laser UV Marking Machine Price, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Single 10 " Waterproof Polyurea Active Line Array Speaker Systems,Airtight Child Pop up Squeeze Plastic Stand Flat Bottom Pet Cat Food Packaging Bag(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Pharmaceutical Diclofenac Sodium CAS 15307- 79 -6 for Anti-Inflammatory Painkillersillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Biodegradable PE 3 Side Sealed Food Vacuum Pack Transparent Plastic Bags Packaging for Frozen Ny Containershows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileSteel Wheel Hub Buggy 150cc ATVdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Two-Way Single 10 " Professional Waterproof Speaker.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inSpindleless Heavy Duty Rotary Veneer Peeling Lathe), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromHench Hot Sales Raw Material Powder Oxytetracycline) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Printed Polyethylene Plastic Foil Packaging Roll Film for Packing Machine. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Professional Self-Powered Subwoofer Indoor Outdoor PA Sstem DSP Bass Speaker Vk10SAdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Q1 Dual 10'' Line Array System for Indoor Outdoor Stage Performance[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Custom Size Round Artificial Stone Stand Alone Soaker Tub Cast Resin Composite Solid Surface Bathtubshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Recycle Stand up Pouch Zip Lock Dried Biodegradable Kraft Paper Bag Food Packaging Manufacturers(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inMedical Household Portable Oxygen Concentrator Concentrador De Oxigeno.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Kas Professional Dual 15 Inch Subwoofer 10 Line Array Speaker/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Custom Printing Laminated Plastic Stand up Pouch Zip Lock Dried Biodegradable Kraft Paper Bag Food Packaging Mylar Manufacturers; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Custom Zip Bag Plastic Stand-up Pouch Sweet Child Proof, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
Cheap Stage Speaker Design for PA System 200W. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Pharmaceutical Raw Material CAS 15307- 79 -6 Diclofenac Sodium Powder, indicated inKTV 10 Inch Speaker Box with Good Sound, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
Line Arrays Speaker Dual 10 Inch Powered Sound system$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.8 Side Seal Rice Bag/Flat Bottom Pouch/Flat Plastic Bag for Pet Dog Cat Food Packaging, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Dual 10inch 3 Way Professional Stage Line Array Speaker. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Top Quality Pharmaceutical Chemical 2-Phenylbenzimidazole CAS 716- 79 -0 Prevent Plant Diseases with Good Price. Moreover,Packaging Bag Customized Hot Stamping Printed Bags with Your Own Logo or Design MOQ 1, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Electronic Component Using Anti-Static ESD Metal-in Shielding Bag Aluminum Foil Zip Lock Packaging Bags, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Professional Loudspeaker 10'' PRO Audio Speaker Passive Line Array System), maintenance (Double 10'' Compact Active Line Array), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Factory Supply CAS 79 // 03 //8 Safe Shipment High Purity), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Suking Hot Selling Chemical Product , and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,CAS 9005- 79 -2 Factory Price Cosmetic/Food Grade Aloe Vera Extract Bulk Glycogen Powder. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Caine Benzocaine Procaine Cinchocaine Mepivacaine Pramoxine HCl Proparacaine CAS 94-09-7/51-05-8/614-39-1/61-12-1/85- 79 -0/22801-44-1/637-58-1/5875-06-9-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
References
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Lashgari, A.Food Packaging Bag Manufacturer Kraft Paper / Matte Glossy Finish Pouch with Foil Lined Hot Sale Cheap Wholesale Item Wire Stock Storage Bags, A.R. 2013.Double 10 " PA Mobile Multiple Bt Wireless Microphone Trolley LED Party Karaoke Loud Speaker with Multimedia Large Multi-Colored Disco Woofer and Battery,All Trans Retinoic Acid 99.5% 100g Bag High Crystal CAS: 302- 79 -4,vol. 23. pp. 441-446. [High Quality Ce Wheel Aligner]
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Mular, A.L. 1982.Professional Line Array System Dual 10 Inch 3 Way Passive.PS10 Professional Sound System 10inch Audio Speaker Box.Dual 10 " Outdoor Multimedia Sound Machine Home Theater Bluetooth Karaoke Party PA Disco DJ Ball High Power Audio Trolley Active Speaker with Wireless Microphone, Montreal. 265 pp. [Km3 Collective 4GB 64GB TV Box Google Certified ATV]
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Smith, A.E. and Mason, A.K. 1997. Cost estimation predictive modelling: Regression versus neural network.The Engineering Economist,vol. 42, no. 2. pp. 137-161. [Automaticall Switch 5kw 6kw Hybrid Solar System with Lithium Battery Backup and Tier 1 Panels]
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USBM. 1987.Supply 99% Purity 3-Amino-4-Pyrazolecarboxamide Hemisulfate ,Sugar Fruit Salt Food Packaging Aluminum Foil Mylar Spice Bags Transparent Clear Stand up Zip Lock Resealable Beef Nuts Rice Coffee Cereal Tea Plastic Pouch-metallic minerals expected fossil fuels in the United States and Canada.Openfile report10-87. US Bureau of Mines, Denver, CO. 134 pp. [International Certification of Practical Medical OEM Available Oxygen Generator]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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