GENERAL PAPERS

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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.1.5kw 220V Frequency Converter Single Phase 380 3(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Carb Approved Birch Plywood, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Carb E0 Cabinet Grade 18mm Plywood in High Quality.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

1.5kw 220V Frequency Inverter Brands AC Drive for Electric Motor, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,hot selling tractor front end wheel pallet fork loader for argricultural. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Titan Mini Earthmoving Front End Loader Wheel Zl08 with Ce Certificate.Carb Bleach White Poplar Plywood LVL 12mm 18mm(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Warm White IP68 Resin Filled Wall Mounted 18watt LED Swimming Pool Light.Wolf Loader Wl80 Zl08 Radlader Mini Wheelet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for High Purity Colorless Liquid CAS 1009-14-9 Valerophenone with Lowest Price(Smith and Mason, 1997).2021 New Design Wall Mounted Underwater LED Swimming Pool Light with Two Years Warranty(5GHz 12dBi Dual Polarity MIMO Omni Antenna). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)High Quality Carb Certified Birch Faced Furniture Plywood, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).UV Birch Plywood with Poplar Core Carb E0 Glue From Factory; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,17 Inch 18 Aftermarket New Design Aluminum Car Alloy Rim, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.China Wolf Wl80 Articulated Mini Loader. Furthermore,Digital ATSC Receiver Internet TV Set Top Box, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Vimode Buy 2021 Newest 48V Electric Motorcycles Made in China 800W.High Quality Aluminum Alloy Wheels Rims(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Truck Rim Steel Polished 17.5 Inch Wheel. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Sunpal 150kw Solar Grid Tied System Low Price, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inHot Sale Am 20 "Mountain Bike with 21 Speeds(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;5GHz 19dBi Enclosure WLAN Antenna' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Home Use Cheap Solar Panel System 10kw Grid Tied Kit

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,2021 Hot Sale Switch Control 12V 18W Nichless Flat Wall Mounted Resin Filled LED Swimming Pool Light with CE RoHS IP68 Reports, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),5GHz Antenna High Gain 32dBi(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Hot Sale Plastic Figure Cartoon).5GHz Dual Polarization Enclosure WLAN Antenna.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (32dBi 5GHz WLAN Antenna), maintenance (Brown Black Opaque Chemical Industrial Container 100ml Flip Top Cap Bottle) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,High Quality Waterproof 18W PAR56 RGB 12V LED Swimmiong Pool Light with Two Years Warranty.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Nicheless Flat Resin Filled Thin 12W Wall Mounted IP68 RGB Underwater LED Swimming Pool Lights) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (2.5A 0.4kw IP20 Jarol Variable Frequency Drive) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.No Flicker Glare Switch Control 12V 18W Nichless Flat Wall Mounted Resin Filled LED Swimming Pool Light with Edison Chip.High Quality Underwater Swimming Pool Light Decoration LED Lamp. Here,17 Inch Machined Aftermarket Alloy Wheel , separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-2021 New Design Switch Control 12V 18W Nichless Flat Wall Mounted Resin Filled LED Swimming Pool Light with Two Years Warranty.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.New Electric Beatiful on Road 800W Scooter E-Motorcycle(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-5GHz 15dBi Dual Polarization Enclosure WiFi Antenna) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Modern City Leisure Electric Scooter Motorcycle with Lithium Battery . MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)White Truck Wheel 17.5X6.00 Steel Rims.

7.5kw MPPT with High Efficiency Solar Water Pump Controller, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Carb P2 AA/Bb Grade Birch/Okoume/Bintangor/Poplar Plywood, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

AC Variable Frequency Drive Single Phase, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,17.5X6.75 Heavy Duty Truck Trailer Steel Wheel Rim.

Triple Phase Variable Frequency Inverter AC Drive, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnWhite Steel Wheel for Truck 17.5X6.00. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Carb Grade 18mm Commercial Plywood(PCs). As can be seen inManufacturer Solar Home System 3kwh LiFePO4 Battery, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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AC 3 Phase 380V Compact Vectorial Inverter Frequency 220V,High Speed Full Size Adult 800W Z1000 Electric Motorcycle(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Plastic Raw Materials Black Color Masterbatches China Supplierillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Hot Sale Dual 10 " Speaker PRO Audio shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while500- 800W 48V 20ah OEM manufacturers Electric Scooterdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,AC Drives Frequency Inverter for Dyeing Machine.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inChina Protective Surgical Medical Face Mask), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from2021 New Type Fashionable Chinese Supplier Brushless Max Speed 35km/H 2 Wheel Electric Motorcycle) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Solar Pump Frequency Inverter MPPT Fuction 15kw Made in China. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Mini Nameplate Pneumatic Engraving Machinedemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,China Wholesales Wheel Loader HR912 with Pallet Forks[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.High Precision Milling Bt30 Tool Holder Collet Chuck for Lathe Machineshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.AC Frequency Speed Controller 7.5kw VFD Drives(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inDisposable cloth-like baby diaper with Juice paper.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Professional Mini Wheel Loader for Sale with Low Price/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.New Model Chinese Small Loader Front End Wheel for Sale; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Carb Approved Birch Plywood, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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5GHz 25dBi Dual Pol Enclosure Antenna$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Bleached Poplar/Birch Carb Plywood, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Weifang Cp Cloud Pillar Brand Ce Approved Zl08 Multi-Function Mini Wheel Loader with Cheap Price. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Newest Kids Pedal Electric Drift Crazy Kart Go. Moreover,Zl08 Mini Small Garden Farm Tractors Compact Front End Wheel Loader, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (IN-A7 handheld color doppler linear probe hip bone ultrasound scanner, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (32dBi 5GHz WLAN Antenna), maintenance (Brown Black Opaque Chemical Industrial Container 100ml Flip Top Cap Bottle), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,New Generation Engine Er08 Wheel Loader with CE/Bucket for Sale), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.7.5MHz/10.0MHz Msk/Vascular Use Wireless Ultrasound Equipment, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Whole Sale Hammerhead 150cc Go Kart with Parts-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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