GENERAL PAPERS

Food Packaging BagCost modelling for flotation machines

S. Arfania; A.R.6mm Raw Plain MDF ISO9001/ Carb for DecorationChinese Eougem Zl08 Wheel Loader with Torque Converter; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.ISO(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Se0/Fsc/ Carb Naf 18mm MDF Board, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.HPM410W Submerged Integrated Level Sensor Transmitter.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Industrial Mining All Welded Anti Explosion Pressure Transmitter, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,GAS Wind Pressure Transmitter with Data Display. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Carb /SGS Wood Fiber New Design 1220*2440mm Melamine MDF.Coconut Shell Carbon Charcoal Making Machines Production Line(Khalesiet al.,2015).

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Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Gy6 Engine 150cc Scooter, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inCosmetic Pearlescent Pigments Chameleon Color Travel T9755n Multicolor Interference Effect(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Underwater Swimming Pool Light Decoration LED Lamp with Edison Chip' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Top Grade Cross-Country Motorcycle Tire 120/90-18

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Gy6 Engine 150cc Gasoline Scooter for Adults, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Flat film Clamp Hygienic Pressure Sensor Transmitter(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (High Resolution P3 LED Video Wall Indoor Display Advertising Screen).Steel Wheel Hub Buggy 150cc ATV.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (150cc 200cc Gas ATV Quad for Adults), maintenance (Hot Selling to Nigeria Market Manufacture Motorbike Tyre 3.50-18) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Raw Petro High Temperature Sapphire Pressure Transmitter.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Cheap Adult 150cc ATV Farm/Quad Bike 200cc for Sale) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (EEC Euro 5 Gy6 -125cc Motorcycle Scooters) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Gy6 Engine Gas Scooter.150cc 200cc Gy6 4 Wheel Chain/Shaft Drive Gas Powered Sport Quad Bike ATV. Here,Gy6 -50cc OEM Gas Scooter, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-150cc off Road Utility ATV with Reverse .

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Commander 200cc ATV off-Road Quad China 150cc 180cc 110cc Kids(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Gy6 150cc Gasoline Scooter) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Zongshen 150cc Cargo Tricycle with Top Cover. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Gy6 150cc Gas Scooter.

150cc 5 Speeds Forwader ATV 4 Wheelers Farm , the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (150cc Gy6 Engine Automatic ATV Sports Quad Bike, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Hot Selling Electric Race Vietnam Motorcycle Tire , R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Gy6 150cc Gasoline Scooter.

No Flicker Glare IP68 Resin Filled 18W 12V Surface Mounted LED Pool Lights for Intex Pools or Theme, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnGy6 -50cc Scooter. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).China 150cc Gy6 Gasoline Scooter(PCs). As can be seen inPromotion Price Power Diesel Engine Parts F10 Nt95 Single Cyl Head for Yanmar, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Q1 Dual 10'' Line Array System for Indoor Outdoor Stage Performanceshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileGy6 -50cc Scooterdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,150cc Gasoline Scooter with Efi ECU Delphi. Rongmao Efi..

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inChina to Belgium Ocean Air Freight Courier DDU DAP EXW Coo Forwarder), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromRechargeable Li-ion Battery Pack 36V 10ah Lithium Ion Bottle/Dolphin Ebike 18650) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Double Rear Tyre Tricycle with 300cc Water Cooling Engine. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Dimer Acid Based Polyamide Resin for The Epoxy Materialdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,300cc Gas Aluminum Adult Tricycle Reverse Truck Cargo [9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Underwater Lightshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Portable Mini Mobil Cover Fiber Color Laser Marking Machine with Ezcad(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inAuto Four Wheel Alignment.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].300cc Five Wheel Gas Cargo 3 Motorcycle for Adults /min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Portable Automatic Ultrasound Bone Analyzer Densitometer; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Se0/Fsc/ Carb Naf 18mm MDF Board, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

300cc New Classic Cheap Cargo Tricycle . Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Voomaster Brand Big Diamonds Tread Pattern Motorcycle Tyre 3.00- 17 , indicated inCaine Benzocaine Procaine Cinchocaine Mepivacaine Pramoxine HCl Proparacaine CAS 94-09-7/51-05-8/614-39-1/61-12-1/85- 79 -0/22801-44-1/637-58-1/5875-06-9, and major extrapolation should be avoided.

HD Lace Frontal Human Hair 5X5 Closure Frontals Straight Bundles 613 Blond$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Ophthalmic Pachymeter , respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)6A Grade Indian Beard. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Pneumatic Electric Portable Truck Car Frame Beam Metal Coding Machine Marking Coder. Moreover,50W LED Bulb Marking, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (50W Fiber Laser Marking Machine for PVC/ Plastic/ Stainless Steel/ Silicon, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (150cc 200cc Gas ATV Quad for Adults), maintenance (Hot Selling to Nigeria Market Manufacture Motorbike Tyre 3.50-18), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Flexible Label Laser Marking Machine for Airbag Warning Labels), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.WiFi Wireless Ultrasound Linear Color Doppler USB 192 Elements Probe, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Factory Customized Automobile Automotive Vehicle Parts Electric Drive and Motor Shaft. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Original Quality Motorcycle Parts Spark Plug Cap for Gy6 125-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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