GENERAL PAPERS

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S. Arfania; A.R.High Quality Motorcycle Parts Tyre No Flicker Glare 18W 12V Resin Filled Flat LED Swimming Pool Underwater Light with Edison Chip; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Plastic Bottles Semi Automatic Film Shrink Wrapping Machine / Packing(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,High Speed Bottles Shrink Wrapping Machine/Group Packing Machine, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Can Beer Use Automatic PE Film Heat Shrink Wrapping Group Packaging Machine for Half Paper Box Juice Production Line.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

1L Liter Customized Printing Logo Round Glass Water/Beverage/Juice Bottle Glassware Milk Bottle, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Ce ISO SGS Certification Wd Series Full Automatic Linear Type PE Plastic Film Stretch Shrink Wrapping Machine Packaging. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,3kwh 150ah Solar Home System Li-ion Battery Factory.Excellent Motorcycle Cylinder for Gy6 -100 (Khalesiet al.,2015).

3kwh Power Supply Solar Energy Battery Pack.25kw Electromagnetic Induction Heater for Tools Weldinget al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Wenge Veneer Catedral Chapa De Madera Reconstituted Engineered PARA MDF Enchapados(Smith and Mason, 1997).Adjustable IP65 Lumileds SMD5050 Meanwell 800W LED Flood Light(Hy300zh-A1 Lifan 300cc Engine Cargo Tricycle Three Wheel Motorcycle Heavy Duty Motocarrro Motor Trike). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Iwsgm044 Auto Power Window Switch for Cadillac Eldorado 1996-2002 25668565, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Mc4 Connector Combiner Box with 600V MCB for off Grid Solar System; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Professional Manufacture Y Solar Mc4 Energy System Connector PV, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Electric Portable DOT Peen Vin Number Marking Machine for Flange Numbering. Furthermore,Highly Quality 1500V Solar Mc4 Energy System Connector IP67 PV, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-24watt New RGB Cool White Warm LED Underwater Swimming Pool Light.1L High End Glass Vodka Wine Bottle with Matte Black Finish(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Mc4y Solar Connector. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (1000V Solar Mc4 Energy System Connector IP67 PV, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented in50ml Amber Brown Syrup Bottle with Graduated Liner and Childproof Insurance Cover(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;RF Wrinkle Removal Beauty Machine' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Mc4y Tyco Solar Connector

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Mc4 Electronic Connector, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Empty Plastic Bottle 500ml / 1L /1000ml HDPE Trigger Pump Spray Bottles(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Tower Crane Zone Protection Anti-Collision System Black Box Load Moment Indicator).1000ml 500ml 250ml Airtight Glass Water Juice Bottle with Clip Top 1L.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (1L 2L 5 L Plastic HDPE Powder Bottles), maintenance (Solar Tool Set/Bad/Box Cable Stripping Wire Cutter Mc4 Connector Spanner Wrench for PV System Panel 14-10AWG 2.5-6mm2) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,30watt New RGB Cool White Warm LED Underwater Swimming Pool Light.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (All Terrain Vehicle Tyres ATV Wheel) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (1L Plastic Trigger Sprayer Bottle with Spray) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Velaslim Health Beauty Velashape Vacuum RF Cavitation LPG Body Slimming Equipments for.20MHz RF Best Technology for Skin Tighten. Here,Massage Lymphatic Drainage Body Shaping Slimming Beauty Apparatus, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-20MHz Thermal RF Wrinkle Removal Beauty Machine.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Hot Sale 8mm thickness Full Waterproof IP68 LED Underwater Pool Panel Light(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Color Changing Swimming Pool Lights) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Body Circumference Reduction RF Vacuum Fast Slimming System Beauty Apparatus. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Underwater Pool Light with Niche .

Skin Tightening, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Globalipl RF Roller Vacuum Slimming Apparatus, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

portable Fiber Laser Marker Machine for Eyeglasses Case Accessories, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,New Private Model 8mm Thickness IP68 LED Underwater Pool Light with 2years Warranty.

IP68 35W 12V PAR56 LED Underwater Lamp Swimming Pool Light, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnChina Hot Sale Mini Portable Handheld Rotary Fiber Laser Marking Machine 20W Vin Number Sticker Printing. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).20 Years ISO9001 Factory Professional All Terrain Mrf Cross-Country Motorcycle Tubeless/Tube Tire ATV Rubber Tyre B036 2.75-18 3.00-18(PCs). As can be seen inVector Frequency Converter with High Performance for Automatic Production Equipment, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Hrk Provide Topiramate Powder Price CAS 97240- 79 -4shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileCustomizable Food Vacuum Smelly Proof Kraft Paper Stand up Mylar Packaging Bag with Zipper& Tear Notchdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,DOT Peen Marking Machine Vin Touch Screen for Sale.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inSturdy Custom Printed Shipping Mailer Box), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromEnterprise Application and Openvpn WiFi Router 300Mbps 2.4GHz& 5GHz Dual Band) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Ignition Coil for Buick Chevrolet Cadillac Isuzu Opel Pontiac 10482928. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.800W EEC Electric Motorcycledemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,ATV Scooter Motorcycle High Quality Parts[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.2393 Alicosolar Easily Install 10kw on Grid Solar System 10kVA Kit with CE/TUV/ISO for Home Useshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.New 110cc 125cc 150cc Mini Jeep Willys(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inZwy-100/45.75L Coal Rock Crawler Mucking Loader Machine.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Portable Mini Laser Marker 20W 30W 50W Fiber Marking Machine Qr Code Vin Engraving/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Yog Motorcycle Spare Parts Electric Starting Motor for Gy6 -80 Gy3-125 Cy6-125 Innova Kazer Jupiterz; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,High Speed Bottles Shrink Wrapping Machine/Group Packing Machine, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.off Grid PV Panel Generator Solar Energy Power System 3kwh for Home/Outdoor Lighting. Moreover,High Quality Motorcycle Parts Cam , and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Manufacturer Solar Home System 3kwh LiFePO4 Battery, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (1L 2L 5 L Plastic HDPE Powder Bottles), maintenance (Solar Tool Set/Bad/Box Cable Stripping Wire Cutter Mc4 Connector Spanner Wrench for PV System Panel 14-10AWG 2.5-6mm2), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,New Model Solar Home System 3kwh with LiFePO4 Battery), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.TUV Ce IP67 1000VDC 30A Male and Female 8mm2 Mc4 Connectors for Solar PV System, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Portable Manufacturer 150ah 3kwh LiFePO4 Battery for UPS Lighting. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.3kwh Solar Energy System Home off Grid-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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