GENERAL PAPERS

Zl08 Chinese Small Compact Garden Farm Tractor Front End Mini Wheel Loader with AttachmentsCost modelling for flotation machines

S. Arfania; A.R.China Articulated Wheel Loader Mr 908 Euro Style 800kg /0.8ton Mini for SaleWater Cooled Diesel Engine Color Custom for Power Generator Set; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Construction Equipment Mini Wheel Loader with Quick Hitch(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Avant Zl08f Mini Wheel Loader for Sale, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Chinese Mini Radlader 800kg Wheel Loader with Pirce.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Frequency Converter 0.5 HP, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,125HP Elevator Inverter Price Electronics 220V 240V Three Phase Pump. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Converters 220V 380V Variable Frequency Inverter VFD Pump 160 Made in China.AC Board China Vector Control 60Hz to 50Hz VFD Drive Price(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Frequency Converter Three Phase Variable Speed Drive 220kw Generator Air Pump.AC Manufacturer 3 pH Compressor Solar Pump Inverter VFD Voltage Converteret al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Huihuang Bamboo Fence Timbers(Smith and Mason, 1997).Jarol Converter 220 380 Inverter 220V to 380V Frequency 50Hz 60Hz(Pharmaceutical Grade Anesthetic Powder Bupivacaine Brazil Warehouse CAS: 14252-80-3). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)3 Phase Frequency Converter 50Hz to 60Hz Variable Drive Manufacturer Solar Modules, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Bt 4.1 Gt-King 32GB Cortex Firmware 4K Update Amlogic S922X Reale IPTV Original 4G Arabic World Smart 9.0 Android TV Box; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Amlogic S905X3 X96 Air 2g 16g Android 9.0 Media Player, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Customized Supported Android 9.0 X96 Air Media Box. Furthermore,Mini Loader/Small Wheel Loader Zl08 with CE, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-China Original Mini Bucket 0.8ton Wheel Loader Yz908 Construction Equipment.Small Wheel Loader Zl08 CE(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Mini Small Hot Sale in Europe Wheel Loader for. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Supper Mini Wheel Loader Hzm908 Zl08f 0.8ton Compat Small Backhoe, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inAC Drive Frequnce Converter 5.5kw Pump Use (InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Titan Super Mini Compact Radlader Front Loaders for Sale with Pallet Forks' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,AC Frequency Converter2HP 1phase

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,China Frequency Converter Variable Speed Drive 7.5kw Inverter Three Phase Power Save, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Electric Motor AC Output Power and Triple Frequency Converter VFD Drive Inverter(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (HD 158 25 Kg to 45 High Quality Aluminum Alloy Ce Standard Door Closer).Supprot OEM Software Android 9.1 Rk3228 2GB and 16GB Wholesale TV Boxes.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Articulated Compact Small Mini Wheeled Dumper Loader), maintenance (Zl08f Wheel Loaders with Ce Farm 0.8 Ton Tractor Mini/Small Compact) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,7.5HP Frequency Converter Vector.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (New Design Converter 220V 380V DC AC Inverter Motor Pump VFD Power High Quality) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Factory Price 0.8 Ton Best Cheap Mini Compact Wheel Loader with Ce) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Mammut Hot Sale Wl12 1ton Electric Control Mini Front End Wheel Loader.G52 Gt-King Controls Android Pendoo Freesat 9.0 Smart 64GB Recarga Octa Core TV Box 4K. Here,Variable Frequency Drive Inverter Manufacturer 3 pH Power Saver AC Synchronous Motor, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Vectron Frequency Inverter.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Zl08f Mini Small Farm Compact Tractor Wheel Loader with Standard Bucket(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Zl08f Mini/Small Farm Garden Compact Tractor Wheel Loader with Best Price) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,OEM/ODM T95 Allwinner H616 Android 10.0 6K 4GB 32GB Box 4K Remote Control Smart TV. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Beautiful Design T95 RAM 4GB ROM 32GB Allwinner H616 Universal 4K TV Android 10.0 Set Top Box.

Eougem Zl-08 0.8 Ton Chinese Mini Radlader Manufacturer 0.45m3 Bucket Loader, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Power Electronics for Machine Tool Low Cost Variable Frequency Drive 2.2kw, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

50Hz 60Hz 220V/380V Vector Control AC Variable Frequency Drive, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Inverter AC Drive.

Power and Triple Output Type Static Electric Motor AC Inverter Solar Speed Control, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnSmall Compact Front Wheel Loader / Zl08 Farm Garden Mini. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).DC/AC Drive Inverter Solar Pump Converter 1.5kw Motor Green Energy(PCs). As can be seen inProfessional Stage Active Line Array Speaker with DSP, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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Frequency Converter Variable Drive 50Hz to 60Hz 2HP 2. Kw 1 Phase,800kg Farm Mini Loader Chargeur Minilader Cargador(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Professional Audio Speaker System Sing 8 Inch Mini Stage Monitor PS8r2illustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Lithium Battery Brushless Adult Bike 350W 400W 500W 48V Electric Motorcycleshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileCylindrical Roller Bearing N19/ 710 Nu19/ Nup19/ Apply for Large and Medium-Sized Electric Motordemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Titan Brand Mini Small Chargeur De Roues Radlader Gommata Carregador Roda Cargador Ruedaschargeur Tracteur Traktorlader Caricatore Trattore D.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inClassic Design Freestanding Acrylic Bathtub with Four Paw Feet), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromJacuzzi Massage Endless Swimming Pool Swim SPA) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Radlader Zl08 Wheel Loader for Sale Mini Articulated. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.High Quality Coffee /Candy/Weed /Hemp Plastic Containerdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Customized Bintangor Plywood Face Veneer of Commercial[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Factory Price Wholesale Vespa Electric Scooter Motorcycle Adultshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Dual Core L55 Freesat IPTV Morocco Installato DVB Set Top Gospel Price DDR4 IP 4K TV Box Android(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inFashion Jewelry Crystal Earring 925 Sterling Silver.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].4K J45 128GB Stick Firmware Download User Manual for Cable Junction Android TV Box/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Dyed Skateboard Veneer; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Avant Zl08f Mini Wheel Loader for Sale, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Power Supply 3 pH 4kw Converter 60Hz 50Hz Water Pump Frequency Inverter$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Comaccord D and E Grade 0.26mm Birch/Oak/Ash Face Veneer for Vietnam Furniture Plywood, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Rotary-Cut Okoume Wood Veneer 0.25mm A Grade for India. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.0.8ton Contruction Machine Mini Small Wheel Loader with Bucket. Moreover,Natural Oak/Walnut/Cherry/Maple Veneer Commercial Plywood/Fancy Plywood for Furniture, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Top Quality Cheap Price 0.3mm Birch Face Veneer for Furniture Plywood, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Articulated Compact Small Mini Wheeled Dumper Loader), maintenance (Zl08f Wheel Loaders with Ce Farm 0.8 Ton Tractor Mini/Small Compact), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Natural Wood Sapele Veneer Plywood for Furniture Grade), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.20mm Plywood or Timber, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Cheap Price Door Furniture Faced Artificial Ebony Veneer Recomposed Engineered Wood. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Factory-White Engineer Veneer Big Size 1300X3300X0.30mm 0.40mm 0.50mm-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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