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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Modern Living Room Furniture Fabric Sofa 6127Cost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Custom Printed Food Grade Ziplock Plastic Pouch Packaging Bag2021 New Design Switch Control 12V 18W Nichless Flat Wall Mounted Resin Filled LED Swimming Pool Light with Two Years Warranty; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.PA /Pet/PE/Kraft Laminated Printing Stand up Pouch Food Grade(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Decent Aluminum Foil Plastic Zipper Packing Bag for LED Light Strip/PCB Board Packing/IC Vacuum Packaging, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.High Temperature Vacuum Retort Pouch for Food Packaging.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Oxygen Absorbers Food Packaging Vacuum Packed Bag for Cookies, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Thermoforming Nylon/Ny Frozen Chicken Meat Packing Vacuum Sealer Bag. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,High Barrier Vacuum Bag& Packaging Films for Food Pakcing.Custom Plastic Vacuum Bag for Rice Packaging Bricks Bags(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Oxygen Barrier Transparent Vacuum Plastic Bag.Professional Audio High Powerful Ka Dual 10inch DSP Active Line Array Speakeret al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for OTR Heavy Loader Tyre L5 20.5-25 Size Best Price(Smith and Mason, 1997).DC 24V Alternator Generator Speed Control Board Interface Module Eim258-9755(High Quality 1). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Fruit and Vegetables Packaging Materials Vacuum Nylon Bag, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).7 Layers or 9 11 Co-Extruded Freezer Food Storage Bag; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Professional Audio 350W Sound System Single 10 Inch PRO Line Array Speaker , the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Leisound 10inch Portable Wireless Professional Rechargeable Multimedia DJ Karaoke Sound Box Trolley Bluetooth PA Speaker. Furthermore,10 Inch High Quality PA Speaker 10tbx100, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-PA Audio System 5" 10 -35W Ceiling Speaker.Ultra Low Nosie 10 Channles Mixer Mixing Console (SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.10''stage professional Audio Speaker H- 10 for Stage. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (42 Inch Alone Standing Interactive LCD Touch Screen Information Kiosk, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented in4-20mA Micro Air Gas Differential Pressure Sensor Transducer(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;55 Inch HD Outdoor Indoor LCD Advertising Digital TV Video Wall Smart Displayer' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Wilson Parts Eim Module Engine Interface Control 258 -9753
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Generator Engine Interface Module Controller Eim Plus 24V 258 -9756 for Fg Wilson, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),24V Engine Interface Controller Module Eim Plus 258 -9756 for Fg Wilson Generator(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (flexible outdoor LED strip waterproof IP67 flex neon light).Medrogestone Top Quality Low Price 977- 79 -7.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Factory Supply High Quality Ademetionine 1), maintenance (China Supplier 1) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Cosmetic Grade CAS 79 -14-1 Glycolic Acid Powder.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (CAS: 79 -44-7 Dimethylcarbamoyl Chloride ) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Diesel Engine Eim630-465 12V Eim630-466 24V 258 -9755 PCB650-091 650-092 Generator PCB Controller Panel Circuit Board Interface Module Speed) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Kinetin; CAS No: 525- 79 -1; 6-Furfurylaminopurine; 6-Kt.Good Quality CAS: 97240- 79 -4 Topiramate Powder Price. Here,High Purity 99% Intermediate 1, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Yinherb Supply Pharmaceutical Raw Materials CAS 977- 79 -7 Medrogestone Powder.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.High Quality Tretinoin with Good Price (SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Cosmetic Raw Material CAS 20449- 79 -0 Extract Powder Bee Venom Melittin) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Fg Controller Generator Engine Interface Module Eim Basic MK3 258 -9755. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)High Purity Organic Intermediate 1.
Generator Interface Module Eim Basic 258 -9753 for Fg Wilson Engine, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Wilson Parts Eim Module Engine Interface 258 -9753 2589755 Control, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Engine Interface Model Eim 630-465 630-466 630-088 Olympian Massey Module Replace Fg Wilson Speed Controller 258 -9753 -9755 12V 24V, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Diesel Engine Set Wilson Parts Eim Module Interface C3.3 C4.4 Motorcycle Generator Auto Spare 258 -9753 -9755 12V 24V.
5kw 10kw Stc Three Phase AC Synchronous 15kw Brush Alternator, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnReplace Fg Wilson Engine Interface Module Eim Plus Basic 258 -9755 -9753. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Engine Controller Model Eim Basic 258 -9756(PCs). As can be seen inPopular Alcohol Soluble Polyamide Resin for Gravure Ink, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Generator Parts Engine Interface Module 12V Controller Eim Plus 258 -9754,100% Copper Wire St Series Single Phase Generator / Alternator (CSFM) is presented here as an example.Nitrogen Fertilizer Caprolactam Grade Granular CAS No. 7783-20-2 N21% Ammonium Sulphateillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Melamine MDF E1 E0 Carb P2 Gradeshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileS32750 Uns Super Duplex Stainless Steel Bardemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,China Supplier 1.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inGreen Semi-Precious Stone/Gemstone Customized Red Emerald Slab for Receptation Table in Hotel), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from2021 New E Bike Best Mini Electric for Adults) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Stc-3 3kw Stc-5 5kw Stc-10 10kw Three Phase Alternator. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.professional Line-Array Dual12" Three-Way Tri-AMP Ease Features 150W 300W 750W 16 Omega Sound Reinforcement System with Vt312190816demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,24kVA St Series Single Phase Generator [9] were tested by different statistical approaches.5 Liter Tinplate Metal Packing Car Paint Container Engine Oil Tin Canshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.20 Days Delivery! 100% Copper Wire Stc-3kw Three Phase Alternator(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inDouble Walled Vacuum Insulated Cups Stainless Steel Bottle with Straw Wholesale.
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Cost model for variable-20kVA St Series Single Phase Generator
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].PA Audio Sound System Line Array Speaker 10 Inch Neodymium Woofer with Wooden Box./min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.7.5kVA St Series Single Phase Generator ; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Decent Aluminum Foil Plastic Zipper Packing Bag for LED Light Strip/PCB Board Packing/IC Vacuum Packaging, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Stc Series Three Phase Dynamo Generator $394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.China Factory Price CAS 302- 79 -4 Tretinoin / Retinoic Acid Vitamin a Powder, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Stc Series Three Phase Dynamo Generator . In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.CAS: 74- 79 -3 Amino Acid L-Arginine. Moreover,Glycolic Acid Cosmetic Grade CAS 79 -14-1 /a-Hydroxyacetic, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (St-10kw/kVA Single Phase Brush Type Electric Generator, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Factory Supply High Quality Ademetionine 1), maintenance (China Supplier 1), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Stc-50kw/62.5kVA Three Phase AC Brush Alternator for Diesel Generator), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Veterinary Use Bulk Pirce of Oxytetracycline CAS: 79 -57-2, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,100% Copper Wire St-7.5kw Single Phase Alternator Factory Price. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.100% Copper Wire St-5kw Single Phase Brush Generator-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Mular, A.L. 1982.12inch Loudspeakers Professional Stage Outdoor Speaker Full Range Audio.Android Digital Signage Intelligent Hand Sanitizer Display.55 Inch Outdoor Double-Side LCD Display Self Service Airport Kiosk Touch Screen Multimedia Information, Montreal. 265 pp. [Jwell - TPU Roll Car Paint Protection Matt Cast Film Machine]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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