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Protective Face Mask
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
China Factoty Supply Levamisole HCl CAS16595-80-5 Hydrochloride TetramisoleCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.3 Phase VFD AC Drives 1.5kw 2.2kw 4kw Variable Frequency DriveCarbon Black Masterbatch for Injection Moulding; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Carb P2 Okoume Plywood for Furniture(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,15mm AAA Grade Film Faced Plywood with WBP Glue, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.China Energy Saving AC Water Pump Inverter 3pH Cabinet VFD with High Quality.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Hot Sale 250ml Small Can of DOT3 Brake Oil Tinplate Packaging, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,150CC Go Kart . In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Full Size 150cc Go Kart .Go Kart (Khalesiet al.,2015).
Emtpy 250L Round Clutch Brake Fluid Small Can with Plastic Lid.Wolf Wl80 Mini Dumper Euro 5 Loader for Saleet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for High Quality B/C/D/E Grade Wood/Natural Engineered Teak Poplar Birch Veneer(Smith and Mason, 1997).0.8 Ton Chinese Low Cost High Quality Hydraulic Wheel Loader(Factory-Okoume Veneer 0.25mm-0.60mm in a and B Grade). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)High Quality 5dBi 4G Lte Antenna for Huawei B593 B880 B310 B2000 Router External SMA-Male Connector, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).WLAN WiFi Yagi Antenna; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,External 2.4GHz/ 5GHz Dual-Band Small Antenna/Flexible Antenna, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.150cc Go Kart with EEC . Furthermore,High Quality RGB Swimming Pool Lighting Waterproof LED Light with Two Years Warranty, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Grid Tied 5kw Solar Energy System Home Power 5000W for Roof Tile.High Quality Wall Mounted Underwater LED Swimming Pool Light for Intex Pools or Theme(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.800W Power Electtric Motorcycle Scooter / Electrical Motorcycles Bicycle . However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (2021 Hot Sale Wall Mounted Underwater LED Swimming Pool Light with Two Years Warranty, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inCompact wheel loader snow pusher landscaping(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;High Quality Wall Mounted Underwater LED Swimming Pool Light with Edison Chip' names:
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The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Vimode Electric Scooter Adult Motorcycle for Adults 800W 650W(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Outdoor Garden Decoration Shower Party Holiday RGB Lights Laser Christmas Projector for Buiding Tree).Adv. 1 Alloy Wheel .
Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (150cc 4-Stroke), maintenance (Outdoor 5GHz 30dBi Long Range Parabolic Grid Antenna) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Hot Sale Popular Model 60V 800W Electric Motorcycle for India Market.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Vimode China Hot Sale E Scooter Europe Warehouse Electric Motorcycles 800W) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (New Design 800W 1000W Electric Scooter Motorcycle for Riding) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.5.8GHz 30dBi Single-Pol Die Cast Grid Antenna.Mimo Antenna 5150MHz~5850MHz WiFi Panel. Here,5GHz 20dBi Panel WiFi Antenna, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Fast Ship 800W 1000W 1200W 60V 72V 20ah Battery Electric Motorcycle From China.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Hot Sale 2.4/ 5GHz 9dBi Rubber WiFi Antenna(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-5GHz 12dBi Dual Polarity MIMO Omni Antenna) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Electric Motorcycle Fashion Design 800W with Removable Battery. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)5GHz 18dBi Dual Polarization Panel WLAN Antenna.
Guangzhou Manufacturer Empty Anti Bacterial Diesel Additive Can for Fuel Cleaner, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Hot Sale Special Cooking Coconut Oil Tin Can Milk Tank Beverage Cans, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Buy Food Grade Metal Material Empty Cans for 0.5-2.5L, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Hot Sale 301 401 Easy Opening Seal Can Round Empty Tin with Metal Caps.
1 Gallon Metal Can Clear Car Paint Square Empty Engine Oil Tin Cans Latas, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andn10X5.5'' Best Light 110mm off Road Steel ATV Wheel Rim. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Central Hole 68mm 10X5.5'' Mild Steel ATV Wheel Rim(PCs). As can be seen inCATV Amplifier Module Bgy887 24V 22.6db Excellent Return Loss Properties, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.0.8 Ton Garden Samll Loader 800kg Mini Front End 8 7 6 5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 Wheelshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileWaterproof Floor Standing Alone Outdoor Digital Signage Displaydemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,High Efficiency Waterproof Grid Tied PV Inverter 230V DC to AC.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated in2000W Sheet Metal Stainless Fiber Laser Cutting Machine), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromModern Green Velvet Lounge New Style Chester Sofa) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.250CC Go Kart . The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Decorative Natural Mahogany Cedar Sapele Oak Walnut Teak Veneer Fancydemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,18mm Carb Birch Okoumen Plywood[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient CAS 15307- 79 -6 Diclofenac Sodiumshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Retro Electric Motorcycle Scooter (a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inSlag Material Grinding Ball Mill with Ce Certificate.
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Cost model for variable-Carb Approved Birch Plywood
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Low Power Elevator Inverter 12kw with Controller/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.High Quality 18mm Carb Birch Okoumen Plywood; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,15mm AAA Grade Film Faced Plywood with WBP Glue, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Carb E0 Cabinet Grade 18mm Plywood in High Quality$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.1.5kw 220V Frequency Inverter Brands AC Drive for Electric Motor, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)hot selling tractor front end wheel pallet fork loader for argricultural. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Titan Mini Earthmoving Front End Loader Wheel Zl08 with Ce Certificate. Moreover,Carb Bleach White Poplar Plywood LVL 12mm 18mm, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Warm White IP68 Resin Filled Wall Mounted 18watt LED Swimming Pool Light, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (150cc 4-Stroke), maintenance (Outdoor 5GHz 30dBi Long Range Parabolic Grid Antenna), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Wolf Loader Wl80 Zl08 Radlader Mini Wheel), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.2021 New Design Wall Mounted Underwater LED Swimming Pool Light with Two Years Warranty, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,High Quality Carb Certified Birch Faced Furniture Plywood. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.UV Birch Plywood with Poplar Core Carb E0 Glue From Factory-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Mular, A.L. 1982.VFD Air Compressor Asynchronous Variable Frequency Drive.Tubeless Steel Wheel .Home Application on Grid Tied Solar Power System 3kw, Montreal. 265 pp. [China Everun Er408t 0.8ton Buy Truck Front Engine Shovel Hydraulic Oil Filter Best Small Mini Wheel Loaders for Sale]
Mular, A.L. and Poulin, R. 1998. Capcosts 1998.Home Use Cheap Solar Panel System 10kw Grid Tied Kit.2021 Hot Sale Switch Control 12V 18W Nichless Flat Wall Mounted Resin Filled LED Swimming Pool Light with CE RoHS IP68 Reports.Home Application on Grid Tied Solar Power System 3kw, Montreal. 319 pp. [OEM Metallized Stand up Zipper Toys Plastic Rice Meat Container Custom Printed Zip Lock Pouch Food Packaging Mylar Exit Gift Bag]
Niazi, A., Dai, J.S., Balabani, S., and Seneviratne, L. 2006.5GHz Antenna High Gain 32dBi.Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering,vol. 128. pp. 563-575. [Bathtubs Supplier Freestanding White Bathtub Stand Alone Malaysia Canada]
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Prasad, L. 1969.2.5A 0.4kw IP20 Jarol Variable Frequency Drive.No Flicker Glare Switch Control 12V 18W Nichless Flat Wall Mounted Resin Filled LED Swimming Pool Light with Edison Chip, Metallurgy and Petroleum, Montreal. pp. 3-15. [200cc Racing Go Kart for Sale Cheap]
Hot Sale Special Cooking Coconut Oil Tin Can Milk Tank Beverage Cans, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-High Quality Underwater Swimming Pool Light Decoration LED Lamp.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141. [Good Solutions 3kw Solar Home Energy off Grid System]
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Timm, N.H. 2002. Applied Multivariate Analysis. Springer-Verlag, New York. [15'' Coaxial Speaker ]
USBM. 1987.17 Inch Machined Aftermarket Alloy Wheel ,2021 New Design Switch Control 12V 18W Nichless Flat Wall Mounted Resin Filled LED Swimming Pool Light with Two Years Warranty-metallic minerals expected fossil fuels in the United States and Canada.Openfile report10-87. US Bureau of Mines, Denver, CO. 134 pp. [Baby diapers disposable with low price]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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