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Tiger Zodiac Ice Sticker
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Best Price Diclofenac Sodium with High QualityCost modelling for flotation machines
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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Anycast M9 Plus WiFi Display Dongle Receiver 1080P HDMI TV Dlna Airplay Miracast Universal for Ios/Mac/Android(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Antique Design Rustic Style Furniture Nature Oak and Dark Grey Linen Shakable Leisure Sofa Chair, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Chinese Wooden Silver-Leaf Classical Fabric Sofa.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Enterprise Application and Openvpn WiFi Router 300Mbps 2.4GHz& 5GHz Dual Band, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Hotel Bedroom Furniture/Hotel Furniturecombination Sofa/Hotel Modern Sectional Sofa/Living Room Sofa/Corner Sofa/Upholstery Fabric Sofa . In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Modern Simple Hotel Lobby Discussion Living Room Leisure Sofa.Sofa Set Fabric Velvet Furniture(Khalesiet al.,2015).
OEM PVC Home Suede Inflatable Sofa with Footstool.Modern Simple Living Room L Shape Corner Recliner Sectional Sofaet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Mini Wheel Loader Er08 with Hydrostatic Transmission System for Sale(Smith and Mason, 1997).Fat Boy Bean Bag Cover for Sports(Diesel Engine Parts Fuel System SD265 Nozzle). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)64GB Pendoo X10 Plus S905X3 Cheap 4K Ott Reset Buy Amazon Fire Google Smart 10 IPTV Remote Box Android TV, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Living Room Lounge Furniture Sofa Fabric 3 Seater Couch; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Stable Quality 1year Qhdtv HD IPTV Abonnement Reseller Panel Lxtream Code All Europe Italy UK USA Spain France Arabic Morocco Channel, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Customization Available Modern Popular Home Furniture Set Living Room Leather Sofa. Furthermore,Cafe Bar Table Wrought Iron Home Living Room Dining, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-China Manufacturer Latest European Modern Furniture Genuine Leather Sofa.Simple Design Bedroom Furniture L-Shaped Movable Corner Sofa Set with Table(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.New Products Lift Recliner Chair Sofa . However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Latest L Shape Genuine Leather /Bonded /PU /Fabric Flat Bedroom Furniture Sofa Bed, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inLf Drivers 10 Inches Professional Speaker Pw1032-64(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Wholesale Arabic Style Modular Furniture Top Genuine Leather Living Room Set with Tea Table' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,IPTV Reseller Panel for Qhdtv Susbcription 1year Code Wholesale 1500+ Live & VOD Sports News Channels Arabic French Belgium African Andoird TV Box
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Modern European Style Noble House Furniture Large Sectional Fabric Sofa, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Factory Offer Nordic Removable and Washable Livingroom Fabric Sofa(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Walkie Talkies Earpiece with Mic 2 Pin D Shape Headset for IC-F26).1 Year Qhdtv Abonnement IPTV Subscription Code Europe Spain Portugal France Italia Arabic Italy French Belgium for Android Smart TV Box M3u.
Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (World IPTV Reseller Panel Magnum Credits Arabic France USA Canada Latins Brazil Spain Israel Africa Works on M3u Smart TV Android Box), maintenance (800kg Wheel Loader Mini 780 Radlader) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Quilted Fabric Sofa Couch Bed Set Armchear Furniture.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (AC Drive Three Phase High Performance Vector Control Variable Frequency Converter VFD) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Modern Home Hotel Lesuire Corner Single Fabric Living Room Sofa) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Living Room Furniture.Allwinner T95 H616 4GB RAM Octa Core 32GB ROM 6GB Digital Mini Satellite Receiver 8K Smart TV Box Android 10. Here,Cheapest Set Top Box Mxq PRO Rk3229 Android 7.1 Quad Core 1GB 8GB TV, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Nordic Leather Sofa Modern Simple Three Seats.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Best Selling Modern Design Living Room Classic Leather Recliner Massage Chinese Home Furniture(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Wholesale Folding Bed Space Saving Furniture Sofa Modern Recliner) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Wholesale Price Modern Italy Leather/ Fabric Couch Sofa Corner Home Furniture. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)2021 New Modern Design Living Room Leather Sofa.
Tx6s H616 4GB 32GB VGA IPTV Brasil Android RAM ROM 6GB 8K 2GB 16GB 10.0 2021 Box TV, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (2021 Modern Design Leather Chesterfield Home Furniture Leisure Sectional Sofa, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
High Quality European Style Modern Furniture, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,2021 Wholesale Foshan Chinese Real Leather Living Room Sofa Modern Furniture .
VFD Ultra-Low-Noise Delixi 55kw 720va Variable Frequence Inverter, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnModern Home Furniture Living Room Leather Fabric Electric Massage Lounge Leisure Recliner Sofa. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).7.5kw VFD Drives/ Frequence Inverter/Converter/ AC Drive Enc(PCs). As can be seen inHigh Speed Electric Motorcycle Scooter, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Modern Furniture,Foshan Factory Wholesale High Quality Living Room Leather Sofa(CSFM) is presented here as an example.4 Liter Rectangle Metal Tin Can for Olive Oil Package and Peanut with Flexible Spoutillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Selling Dibucaine Hydrochloride/Dibucaine HCl CAS 61-12-1 with Best Priceshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileDual 6inch Loudspeaker for Coffee Room Restaurant Conference Speakersdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Tx6s H616 32GB ROM Recorder Android 4GB RAM Stick Set Top 2021 SIM Card Ott WiFi Andriod Smart TV Box.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inDesign Bottle Perfume for South East Asia 2021), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from1 Liter Metal Square Tin Can with Screw Lid for Oil Paint Chemical) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Pipo X8 Mini PC Smart TV Box. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Guarantee Lowest Price 2-Phenylbenzimidazole CAS 716- 79 -0 in Hot Selling Fungicidedemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Twisan Honoured Production 800kg Small Front End Loader with High Quality[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.PRO Audio Speaker 12 Inch Sub PA Passive Speakersshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Frequency Inverter 380V 50/60Hz(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inShipping Agent DHL Express Service From China to Bolivia.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].AC Drive for Bridge Crane VFD Using Mono Overhead 3pH 380V 11kw/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Mini Variable-Frequency Drive/ VFD /Adjustable-Frequency Drive /Afd/ Variable-Voltage/Variable-Frequency /Vvvf/Drive/ Variable Speed /VSD/AC; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Antique Design Rustic Style Furniture Nature Oak and Dark Grey Linen Shakable Leisure Sofa Chair, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
Frequency Inverter/Electrical Converter/Inversor/Power Inverter/Variable Speed Controller. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.50 to 60 Hz Frequency Converter, indicated inExcellent Mechanical High Transparency Transparent Nylon PA12 for Glasses, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
AC Variable Vector Frequency Inverter$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Chinese Supplier of Variable Frequency Drive/AC/DC Motor Speed Controller, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)AC Drive Solar Charge Controller 3 pH Inverter Welding Machine Elevator Motor Price. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.AC Drive Frequnce Converter 5.5kw Pump Use . Moreover,0.8 Ton Mini Wheel Loader with Lowest Price, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (VFD AC Drive, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (World IPTV Reseller Panel Magnum Credits Arabic France USA Canada Latins Brazil Spain Israel Africa Works on M3u Smart TV Android Box), maintenance (800kg Wheel Loader Mini 780 Radlader), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Automatic Motor Speed Controller Variable AC Drive 1/3 Phase 1.5 Kw 220 V/380 V), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Water Pump Frequency Inverter, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Small Variable-Frequency Drive . Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.VFD Motor Drive Inverter Converter 1.5kw / 2.2kw 220V Variable Frequency-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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