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6090 CNC Router
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Er08 New CE Approved Small Shovel LoaderCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.380V 400Hz 3p AC Drive Hot 15kw Frequency ConverterElectronics ESD Moisture Barrier Aluminum Foil Bag Shielding Anti-Static Plastic for Electronic Parts; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Single Phase Input and Output 220V Able 640 Static Frequency Converter 400Hz(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,3 Phase Mini AC DC Frequency Inverter Motor Speed Controller Power Supply 5.5kw-110kw, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.VFD Frequency Converter Inverter for Constant Pressure Water Supply.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
AC Drive Solar Pump Inverter 220V 380V Three Phase Inverters, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,7.5HP Elevator Inverter Price Electronics 220V 240V Three Phase Pump. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,large cabin and powerful engine Customized 0.8ton mini wheel loader.Qingzhou 0.8ton Shovel Loader Small Front with Bucket for Sale(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Eougem 0.8ton Articulated Payloader Zl08 with Changchai Engine.AL908 0.8ton Wheel Loader Machinery for Saleet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for 800W EEC Electric Motorcycle(Smith and Mason, 1997).Chinese Everun Zl08 800kg 0.8 Ton Compact Small Mini Wheel Loader with Snow Bucket(Living Room Leather Luxury Furniture Single Massage Relax Body Lift Recliner Lazy Sofa Chair). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)800kg China Small Front High Quality Wheel Loader for Sale in Europe, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Melamine Glue WBP Commerical Plywood; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Decorative Pine Groove Plywood Veneer Fancy, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.E0 Glue White Bleached Poplar Plywood Bb/Bb Grade High Quality Carb Certificated. Furthermore,18mm Brown Film Faced Finger Jointed Plywood for Concrete Formwork, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-18mm Embossed Melamine Faced Commercial Plywood for Furniture Making.Filmfaced Plywood with High Quality and Cheap Price(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.9mm E1 Glue Bintangor Plywood Board. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (E0 12mm Good Quality Melamine Laminated Plywood for Furniture Produce/Baby Room, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inUNS NO2200 Nickel Plate(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;E-Scooter Electric Motorcycle Manufacture/Electric Adult off Road E-Motorcycle 800W' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,15kw Grid Tied Solar System
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Rosen 8kw Grid Tied on Solar Panel System, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),0.5HP Elevator Inverter Price Electronics 220V 240V Three Phase Pump(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (APP Control WiFi Smart Backpack with LED Screen Display for Outdoor Advertising Billboard).12kw Grid Tied Complete Set Easy Installation Solar Energy System for Home Use or Industrial.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Grid Tied 11kw Solar Panel System Home Commercial Power Supply), maintenance (5kw Grid Tied Solar Power System for Home Use) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,12kw Grid Tied Solar System.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Chinese Frequency AC Drive Pure Sine Wave Inverter Mini Water Pump Motor Controller) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (200cc/300cc Adults Racing Go Kart for Sale Ce Certificate) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Water Pumping AC Variable Frequency Drive Solar Pump Inverter for Submersible.0.4kw 0.5HP Elevator Inverter Price Electronics 220V 240V Three Phase Pump. Here,Jarol Strong Overload Capacity AC Drive Frequency Inverter , separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-China Pumping AC Variable Frequency Drive Solar Pump Inverter for Submersible.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Sporty Electric Scooter (SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-SMD3014/2835 AC/DC Underwater LED Swimming Pool Light) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,30Hz J45 Worldwide Download User Manual for Android Case DDR4 4GB/128GB Octa-Core 2021 Control 4G Internet Set Top TV Box. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Best Selling 4X4 Farm ATV.
Cheap Racing Go Kart for Sale 200cc Water Cooled Zyao, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Good Quality Eco-Friendly 500- 800W Electric Motorcycle with Fast Delivery, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Suspension Delivery Chinese 800W Electric Motorcycle Small Long Range Accessories Two Wheels, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Amlogic Chipset S905X2 Quad Core Android8.1 4K Smart Internet TV Box T95q.
Plywood Mdo / Hdo for Concrete Formwork Slab Form, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnElectric Scooter/ Motorcycle/TM-Monya. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Electric Scooter with Anti-Theft Motor Lock (PCs). As can be seen inDisperse Dyestuff Violet Recp-Hf 100% for Textile, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Good Price CE 500W Bicicletas Electricas 48V Electric Motorcycle 800W for Adult,RGB/White 18W PAR56 LED Swimming Pool Light(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Ophthalmic a Scan Portable Handheld Biometerillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Kas Professional Dual 15 Inch Subwoofer 10 Line Array Speakershows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileLight and Durable Mixing Console Mg124cx Audio Mixerdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,PAR56 IP68 Waterproof Outdoor Underwater LED Swimming Pool Light.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inZeta Passenger Car Tires), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from10 Inch HiFi Full Frequency PA Series Power Amplifier Professional Karaoke Stage Performance Trolley Battery Active Speaker with Multimedia Wireless Bluetooth) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.18W Recessed IP68 PAR56 LED swimming Pool Underwater Light. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.OEM ODM Public DJ PA Wooden Speakerdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,18W RGB Underwater LED PAR56 Bulb Light for Swimming Pool Lighting[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.24 Channels Fixed Modulatorshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Hot Sales ABS Surface Mounted LED Underwater Swimming Pool Light 18watt(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated in49" and 55" Uhd Curved 4k LED TV with USB.
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Cost model for variable-WiFi Control IP68 PC Surface Mounted Underwater Lights 18W 24W 35W RGBW LED with 2year Warranty
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].24watt IP68 Resin Filled Flat LED Swimming Pool Underwater Light/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.The Thinnest Wall Pool Underwater Swimming Light 18 Volts; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,3 Phase Mini AC DC Frequency Inverter Motor Speed Controller Power Supply 5.5kw-110kw, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
Rosen 7kw Grid Tied on Solar Panel System. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.11kw Grid Tied Solar Energy System Industrial Power Supply, indicated inGainsville Furniture Livingroom Sofa Set Luxury Leather GS9012, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
Customized 18mm Carb Birch Okoumen Plywood$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.China Plywood for The Furniture/Construction, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)3-18mm Melamine Plywood/Melamine Board/Fancy Paper Face Plywood for Indoor Use. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Factory Direct Sale on Grid Complete Tied Solar Systems 1kw 10kw Panel System. Moreover,Grid Tied Wind Solar Power System, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Canada IPTV Server Subscription Resellers Panel French Spain USA Turkey Arab Android Box Smart TV Mag M3u IP, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Grid Tied 11kw Solar Panel System Home Commercial Power Supply), maintenance (5kw Grid Tied Solar Power System for Home Use), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Ash Solid Wood decoration Board), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.980 50kw on Grid Solar System with Tied Inverter Is Upto 80kw Big Capacity., and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,800ml Square Metal Containers. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.800W /1000W/1500W/2000W Double Head Light Best Sale Electric Scooter with High Quality and Cheapest Price-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
Pedal E-Bike / Scooter Electric Bicycle 500W/ 800WL18 / 6620- 18 Polegadas PRO Audio Subwoofer Alto Falante 650WCorresponding author