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0603/ 1608 1.6 X 0.8 0.6mm Full Series SMD Chip LED Light
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
New Pattern Best Price 110/90- 17 Motorcycle TireCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Portable-Rorary Type DOT Peen Marking Machine for Metal12inch KTV Bar PA Full Sound Speaker System Audio; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Engine Timing Kits for Cadillac Allante 4.6L V8 281 Cid 1993(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Underwater Light, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.WiFi Control Warm White 12V RGB Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light Underwater.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
20W/30W/50W Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Metal/Plastic and All The Metals, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Automatic Red Point Laser Marking Machine for Metal Aluminum Plastic. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,8mm Thickness 316ss IP68 RGB DC12V 18W External Control Mode LED Swimming Pool Light.IP68 8W-35W Surface Mounted Green Color LED Underwater Swimming Light(Khalesiet al.,2015).
IP68 8W-35W Surface Mounted Blue Color LED Underwater Swimming Light.150ah 3kwh Power Supply Deep Cycle Rechargeable Solar Batteryet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Frequency Converter AC Drive 220V Inverter China Variable Speed Controller(Smith and Mason, 1997).8mm Thickness 160mm 8watt DC12V RGB LED Swimming Pool Underwater Light(Plastic Bottles Semi Automatic Film Shrink Wrapping Machine / Packing). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)10W Tabletop Series Fiber Laser Marking Machine, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Manufacturer 3kwh Long Life Solar Home System with LiFePO4 Battery; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Shrink Wrapping Machine for Water Packing , the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.IP68 8W-42W Surface Mounted Multi-Color LED Underwater Swimming Light. Furthermore,3kwh Rechargeable Battery Solar Energy Power System, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-55% Rubber Content Tyre High Performance Diagonal Motorcycle Tires 200/55- 17.DOT Certified Natural Rubber Motorcycle Tires 3.00- 17 with Golden Quality(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.55% Rubber Content Tyre China High Quality Motorcycle Tires 2.75- 17. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Professional Factory Motorcycle Tyre and Motorbike , 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inCheap Price Origin Brushless 800W Motor Electric Motorcycle Made in China(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;High Quality Motorcycle Parts Tyre ' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Ce ISO SGS Certification Wd Series Full Automatic Linear Type PE Plastic Film Stretch Shrink Wrapping Machine Packaging
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,3kwh 150ah Solar Home System Li-ion Battery Factory, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Excellent Motorcycle Cylinder for Gy6 -100 (CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Hot Sell Portable Oxygen Concentrator with Tube Air Flow for Travel & Home Use Personal Bar).3kwh Power Supply Solar Energy Battery Pack.
Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (25kw Electromagnetic Induction Heater for Tools Welding), maintenance (Adjustable IP65 Lumileds SMD5050 Meanwell 800W LED Flood Light) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Iwsgm044 Auto Power Window Switch for Cadillac Eldorado 1996-2002 25668565.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Mc4 Connector Combiner Box with 600V MCB for off Grid Solar System) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Professional Manufacture Y Solar Mc4 Energy System Connector PV) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Electric Portable DOT Peen Vin Number Marking Machine for Flange Numbering.Highly Quality 1500V Solar Mc4 Energy System Connector IP67 PV. Here,24watt New RGB Cool White Warm LED Underwater Swimming Pool Light, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-1L High End Glass Vodka Wine Bottle with Matte Black Finish.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Mc4y Solar Connector(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-1000V Solar Mc4 Energy System Connector IP67 PV) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,RF Wrinkle Removal Beauty Machine. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Thermal RF & Fractional Wrinkle Removal.
1L 2L 5L 10L 100ml 200ml 500ml Wine Glass Bottles, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Wrinkle Removal Super RF Beauty Machine, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Glass Bottle 1L Empty 1000ml Milk, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Mc4y Tyco Solar Connector.
Mc4 Electronic Connector, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnEmpty Plastic Bottle 500ml / 1L /1000ml HDPE Trigger Pump Spray Bottles. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).1000ml 500ml 250ml Airtight Glass Water Juice Bottle with Clip Top 1L(PCs). As can be seen inPhthalaldehyde CAS 643- 79 -8, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Solar Tool Set/Bad/Box Cable Stripping Wire Cutter Mc4 Connector Spanner Wrench for PV System Panel 14-10AWG 2.5-6mm2,30watt New RGB Cool White Warm LED Underwater Swimming Pool Light(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Round Shape Paint Chemical Coating 1L Metal Tin Can / Canister with Lidillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.7.5MHz/10.0MHz Msk/Vascular Use Wireless Ultrasound Equipmentshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while99% Pure CAS 56-95-1 Bulk Chlorhexidine Diacetate/Acetate Powderdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,All Terrain Vehicle Tyres ATV Wheel.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated in2021 Hot Low Price Ne1212 DC24V RGB Top-View IP67 Neon Flex for Swiwing Pool), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromHy300zh-A1 Lifan 300cc Engine Cargo Tricycle Three Wheel Motorcycle Heavy Duty Motocarrro Motor Trike) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Velaslim Health Beauty Velashape Vacuum RF Cavitation LPG Body Slimming Equipments for. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Dual 10 Inch Rated Power 700 Watts Italian Neodymium Drivers Active Line Array Systemdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,20MHz RF Best Technology for Skin Tighten[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Vector Frequency Converter with High Performance for Automatic Production Equipmentshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Massage Lymphatic Drainage Body Shaping Slimming Beauty Apparatus(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inColorful 7PCS Fantasy Set Professional Foundation Powder Eyeshadow Blending Concealer Cosmetic Brushes Kit.
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Cost model for variable-20MHz Thermal RF Wrinkle Removal Beauty Machine
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Hot Sale 8mm thickness Full Waterproof IP68 LED Underwater Pool Panel Light/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Color Changing Swimming Pool Lights; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Underwater Light, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
Body Circumference Reduction RF Vacuum Fast Slimming System Beauty Apparatus. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Underwater Pool Light with Niche , indicated inHrk Provide Topiramate Powder Price CAS 97240- 79 -4, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
Skin Tightening$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Globalipl RF Roller Vacuum Slimming Apparatus, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)portable Fiber Laser Marker Machine for Eyeglasses Case Accessories. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.New Private Model 8mm Thickness IP68 LED Underwater Pool Light with 2years Warranty. Moreover,IP68 35W 12V PAR56 LED Underwater Lamp Swimming Pool Light, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (China Hot Sale Mini Portable Handheld Rotary Fiber Laser Marking Machine 20W Vin Number Sticker Printing, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (25kw Electromagnetic Induction Heater for Tools Welding), maintenance (Adjustable IP65 Lumileds SMD5050 Meanwell 800W LED Flood Light), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,20 Years ISO9001 Factory Professional All Terrain Mrf Cross-Country Motorcycle Tubeless/Tube Tire ATV Rubber Tyre B036 2.75-18 3.00-18), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Motorcycle Spare Part Oil Switch for Gy6 150, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,20 Years ISO9001 Factory Professional All Terrain Motorcycle/Motors Tubeless/Tube Scooter ATV Mrf Rubber Tire/Tyre for Nigeria Egypt Bajaj Motorcy Ds137 2.75- 17. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.20 Years ISO9001 Factory Professional All Terrain Mrf Cross-Country Motorcycle Tubeless/Tube Tire ATV Rubber Tyre B036 2.75-18 3.00-18-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
Organic Chemicals Pharmaceutical Intermediate High Grade Block Board for Furniture ProduceCorresponding author