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S. Arfania; A.R.Aeropak China Automatic Tyre Sealer Inflator 450/500/650ml for Bike and CarProfessional Stage Line Array System Dual 10 Inch DSP Active Speaker ; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.High Quality Melamine MDF with Competitive Price Ce Carb Grade(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Glue E1 Fsc Carb Green/Red Core Plain Mositure-Proof MDF, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.The Best Sale and Low Price Chinese Brake Lathe .

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Melamine MDF E1 E0 Carb P2 Grade, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Transparent Ceramics Hot Press Sintering Furnace. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,6mm Raw Plain MDF ISO9001/ Carb for Decoration.ISO(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Se0/Fsc/ Carb Naf 18mm MDF Board.HPM410W Submerged Integrated Level Sensor Transmitteret al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Cheap Price Zl08 0.8ton China Mini Articulated Hydraulic Front End Tractor Loaders(Smith and Mason, 1997).Industrial Mining All Welded Anti Explosion Pressure Transmitter(5kw Solar PV Kit Power Gird Tied Inverter). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)GAS Wind Pressure Transmitter with Data Display, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Carb /SGS Wood Fiber New Design 1220*2440mm Melamine MDF; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Coconut Shell Carbon Charcoal Making Machines Production Line, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.2440mmx1220mmx3mm Carb P2 Formaldehyde Raw HDF Board. Furthermore,Economic Professional Bjjcz Ezcad Mini Fiber Laser Marking Engraving Cutting Machine 20W 30W 50W Price with Sino Galvo Scan Head, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Light Color Plain MDF Boardlight Board/Raw MDF/E2/E1/E0/ Carb P2 /Raw.Glue E1 Carb Plain Mositure-Proof MDF(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Melamine MDF 2440mmx1220mmx3.0mm with Carb P2 Certification. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Draught Fan Digital LED Micro Air Wind Pressure Sensor, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inFood Packaging Bag(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;HPM128 High stability Explosion-proof Pressure Transmitte' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Gy6 Engine 150cc Scooter

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Underwater Swimming Pool Light Decoration LED Lamp with Edison Chip, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Digital Display Superior 316L integrated Pressure Transducer(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Sea Shipping FCL Freight Forwarder From China to Klaipeda/Vilnius Italy Professional Fast Reliable Logistics Services).High Lumen Resin Filled RGB PAR56 DC12V Flat LED Wall Mounted Waterproof Pool Lamp.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (RGB High Lumen Resin Filled PAR56 DC12V Flat LED Wall Mounted Waterproof Underwater Light), maintenance (Gy6 125cc Sproty Scooter /Motorcycle) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Top Grade Cross-Country Motorcycle Tire 120/90-18.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Gy6 Engine 150cc Gasoline Scooter for Adults) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Flat film Clamp Hygienic Pressure Sensor Transmitter) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Steel Wheel Hub Buggy 150cc ATV.150cc 200cc Gas ATV Quad for Adults. Here,Hot Selling to Nigeria Market Manufacture Motorbike Tyre 3.50-18, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Raw Petro High Temperature Sapphire Pressure Transmitter.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Cheap Adult 150cc ATV Farm/Quad Bike 200cc for Sale(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-EEC Euro 5 Gy6 -125cc Motorcycle Scooters) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Gy6 Engine Gas Scooter. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)150cc 200cc Gy6 4 Wheel Chain/Shaft Drive Gas Powered Sport Quad Bike ATV.

Gy6 -50cc OEM Gas Scooter, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (150cc off Road Utility ATV with Reverse , Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Commander 200cc ATV off-Road Quad China 150cc 180cc 110cc Kids, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Gy6 150cc Gasoline Scooter.

Zongshen 150cc Cargo Tricycle with Top Cover, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnGy6 150cc Gas Scooter. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).150cc 5 Speeds Forwader ATV 4 Wheelers Farm (PCs). As can be seen inHot Vtx Series V25 Dual 15 Inch Three Way Speaker Line Array Speaker/Professional Audio, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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Hot Selling Electric Race Vietnam Motorcycle Tire ,Gy6 150cc Gasoline Scooter(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Laptop Battery for DELL Latitude E7270 E7470 R1V85 Mc34y 0mc34y 451-Bbsx J60j5illustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Promotion Price Power Diesel Engine Parts F10 Nt95 Single Cyl Head for Yanmarshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while3 Liter High Quality Customized Square Printed Tin Cans for Oil/Paintdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,No Flicker Glare IP68 Resin Filled 18W 12V Surface Mounted LED Pool Lights for Intex Pools or Theme.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inHigh Quality Military Metal Belt Buckle for Mens Boys Nylon Webbing Canvas Belts), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromGy6 -50cc Scooter) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.China 150cc Gy6 Gasoline Scooter. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Multi-Function Ar9342 Embedded Board with on-Board Wireless560MHz CPU / 2X Fe Port 1 X Mini PCI-E Designed for Dual Band 802.11ndemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Euro 4 Certificate[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Rechargeable Li-ion Battery Pack 36V 10ah Lithium Ion Bottle/Dolphin Ebike 18650shows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.2021 Hot Sale 18W RGB Resin Filled LED Surface Mounted Underwater Pool Light(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inFashion Ladies Knitted Pullover with Wool Sweaters.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].150cc Gasoline Scooter with Efi ECU Delphi. Rongmao Efi./min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.High Performance Motorcycle Tire for Senegal ; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Glue E1 Fsc Carb Green/Red Core Plain Mositure-Proof MDF, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Portable Automatic Ultrasound Bone Analyzer Densitometer. Moreover,300cc New Classic Cheap Cargo Tricycle , and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Voomaster Brand Big Diamonds Tread Pattern Motorcycle Tyre 3.00- 17 , self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (RGB High Lumen Resin Filled PAR56 DC12V Flat LED Wall Mounted Waterproof Underwater Light), maintenance (Gy6 125cc Sproty Scooter /Motorcycle), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,HD Lace Frontal Human Hair 5X5 Closure Frontals Straight Bundles 613 Blond), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Ophthalmic Pachymeter , and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,6A Grade Indian Beard. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Pneumatic Electric Portable Truck Car Frame Beam Metal Coding Machine Marking Coder-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

References

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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