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Wheel Mucking Loader Model Csaw60
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
TCP/IP Network 15W Poe Active Horn Speaker Waterproof Outdoor UseCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Nitrogen Fertilizer Caprolactam Grade Granular CAS No. 7783-20-2 N21% Ammonium SulphateEougem Zl-08 0.8 Ton Chinese Mini Radlader Manufacturer 0.45m3 Bucket Loader; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Cheap Price Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate Blue Star 21%(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Urea Fertilizer/ Ammonium Sulfate with Steel Grade, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Agriculture Ammonium Sulphate Caprolactam 25kg Package.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
High Quality Ammonium Dibutyl Dithiophosphate 95%, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,L18 /8693 Falante Professional 18inch Subwoofer 1200W New Product China Supplier. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,N21% Nitrogen Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate Factory Price.Plants Ammonium Sulphate Granular 20.5%Min(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Chemical Factory Sale Ammonium Sulphate Fertilizer Granular.Caprolactam Grade Ammonium Sulfate Soa Fertilizer Sulphateet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Niche Supply USP Grade Local Anesthetic Sensorcaine Powder Bupivacaine CAS: 14252-80-3(Smith and Mason, 1997).20.5% Nitrogen Steel Grade Ammonium Sulphate in Agriculture(Wechip Customized Booting Logo Rk3318 H96 Max 4+32GB/4+64GB IPTV Set Top Box 4K). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Nitrogen Fertilizer Caprolactam Grade Ammonium Sulphate, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Nitrogen Fertilizer Steel Grade as From China Factory; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Nitrogen Chemical Fertilizer Ammonium Sulfate 21%Min, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.White Crystal Steel Grade Ammonium Sulphate with N20.5%. Furthermore,Floating Agent Ammonium Dibutyl Dithiophosphate Supplier, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Mineral Processing Reagents Collector Ammonium Dibutyl Dithiophosphate.Nitrogen Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate for Agriculture(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.China Suppllier Ammonium Sulphate 21% Nitrogen Fertilizer. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Granular Ammonium Sulphate, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inChina Manufacturer Supply High Purity Food Grade Lactic Acid CAS 50-21-5(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Fertilizer N21%' names:
►China Supplier Ammonium Sulphate Compound Fertilizer: based on 36-foot,Crystal Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate for Coumpound,Raw Material of Making Compound Fertilizer Ammonium Sulfate N1%,Vegetable and Fruit Fertilizer Crystal Caprolactam Grade Ammonium Sulphate, and level control
►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Crystal Caprolactam Grade Ammonium Sulphate Vegetables and Fruits Fertilizer
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Hipower Top 10 Speakers Professional Audio PA Loudspeaker 8ohm, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Professional Audio PA Subwoofer Component Speakers(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (150ml Chinese Factory Reed Diffuser Glass Bottle with Stick).650W-18 Inch Subwoofer Speaker Manufacture China Factory Directly.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Nh4 2so4 Chemical Formula for Ammonium Sulfate Fertilizer), maintenance (280mm Magnet) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Bocinas Prosound 18 Pulgadas PRO Speaker Ruidoso Audio Subwoofer Parlente Hot Sale.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Professional Audio PA Subwoofer Component Speakers Bocinas) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (L18 /86130 100%Good Feedback! Professional 18 Inch PA Speaker 1000W RMS Subwoofer) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Additive PE Green Color Masterbatches Manufacturer.L18 /86131 Falante Professional 18inch Subwoofer 700W New Product China Supplier Hot Sale. Here,L18 /86138-Good Feedback! Professional 18 Inch PA Speaker 1500W RMS Neodymium Subwoofer, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-L18 / 6620- 18 Polegadas PRO Audio Subwoofer Alto Falante 650W.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.OEM Custom Square Rectangle Round Rubber Cover(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-N21% White Granular Ammonium Sulphate) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Vegetable and Fruit Fertilizer Ammonium Sulfate Nitrogen 21%. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Agriculture Fertilizer N 21% Ammonium Sulfate.
21% Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate Caprolactam Grade Crystalline, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Agriculture Fertilizer Nitrogen 21% Ammonium Sulfate China Factory, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Power Steel Grade Nitrogen 20.5% Industrial Ammonium Sulphate Chemical Fertilizer, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,White Extrusion Granular Ammonium Sulphate China Factory.
Granular Grade Ammonium Sulphate N20.5% Nitrogen Fertilizer, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnNitrogen Fertilizer Color Granular Ammonium Sulphate 20.5+24s. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).China Suppliers Alone Type Wraped Beam Disc Machenism Padlock(PCs). As can be seen inTp01 Piezo Electric Dome Tweeter, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Padlock-G38PDP,Breaker Lock(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Skycron® Disperse Violet 26/HFRL Dyestuff Fabric Dyeillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Generator Interface Module Eim Basic 258 -9753 for Fg Wilson Engineshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileEconomic Mulifunctional Line Array System Speaker Dual 10 Inchdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Padlock.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inG80 Clevis Sling Hook with Latch), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromHigh Quality Phena) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Fuso Truck & Bus Turbo Td04 49377-03041 Me201258 for 4m40 Engine Mitsubishi Pajero. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.4K J45 128GB Stick Firmware Download User Manual for Cable Junction Android TV Boxdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Gt1544s 454083-0001 1002829 Garrett Engine Turbo for Vw Passat[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Line Array 10 Inchneodymiun PRO Audio Woofershows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Engine Parts Turbocharger for Mercedes-Benz Om906 La K27.2 Om366/Om642/Om362/Om441/Om442/Om447/Om457(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated in50mm Metal Side Release Buckle.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Universal Turbo T3t4 T04e T3.63 Ar + 76mm 3" Intercooler Pipe Piping Kit/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Truck Parts Turbocharger for Mercedes-Benz/Chrysler/Dodge Om647 Gt2256 6470900280 736088-0003; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Urea Fertilizer/ Ammonium Sulfate with Steel Grade, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Gt1544sm 733783-5007s Turbo for Volkswagen Fox 1.4L Tdi Engine Bnm$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Cosmetic Grade 99% Purity All Trans Retinoic Acid 302- 79 -4 Tretinoin/Vitamin a, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Customized Rubber Spacer Black Silicone Bushing. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Gym Rubber Flooring Floor Mat Roll. Moreover,Ihi Turbocharger 2001-04 Peugeot, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Gt1749V , self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Nh4 2so4 Chemical Formula for Ammonium Sulfate Fertilizer), maintenance (280mm Magnet), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,2004-10 for Volkswagen), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Borg Warner BV45 Turbo 5303-988-0337 Core Chra for Nissan, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,T250-04 452055-5004s Turbocharger for Gemini III Engine. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Gtb1749vk Turbo Cartridge 798128-0004 for 2011- Peugeot Boxer-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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