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DC12V 60LED/M 300LEDs Reel 3528 SMD Flexible LED Strip
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
5GHz Antenna High Gain 32dBiCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.High Competitive 3 Phase Pump Power Inverter 3000W 50Hz to 60Hz Frequency ConverterHigh Quality Mxq PRO 4K Rk3229 1GB 8GB Android7.1 Quad Core Android TV Box; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Wolf Mini Loader Wl80 with Grass Cutter(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Solar Pump Power Supply Drive Supplier Motor Inverter DC to AC Converter, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Eougem 0.8 Ton Payload Zl08 Front End Loader New Hydraulic Articulated Small Wheel.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
2500*640mm E1 Glue Engineer Veneer Wenge/Oak for Decoration, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,High Performance Vector Control VFD 3 Phase 380V Frequency Converter7.5kw Inverter for AC Motor. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Zl08 0.8t Articulated Front End Wheel Loader with Pallet Fork.Face Veneer Nature Bamboo for Fancy Plywood(Khalesiet al.,2015).
White Birch Veneer in 0.28mm/Jacky.Chinese Suppliers Okoume Wood Face Veneer for Malaysiaet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Mini Wheel Loader Hot Sale with Pallet Fork Zl908(Smith and Mason, 1997).Factory-Hardwood Veneer in 1300X2500mmx 0.60mm(Tanfon 5kVA off Grid Solar Inverter Tied /off Grid/Hybrid System). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Yn725 G Ce Approved Hot Sale Mini Wheel Loader, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Variable Frequency Drive VFD Supplier AC Converter 50Hz to 60Hz with Vector Control; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,China Zl08 Payloader 0.8 Ton Min Articulated Hydraulic Mini Front End Wheel Loader, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.0.8ton Compact Loader Wheel in Europe. Furthermore,4 Kw China Frequency Converter Power Supply Motor Drive 3 Phase Inverter, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-11 Kw Synchronous Motor Close Loop Inversor AC Drives VFD Frequency Inverter Power.Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Front Loader(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Yn725g Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Without Cabin. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (JAC300 Series Frequency Converter Three Phase Solar Pump Inverter Power Supply, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inFactory Direct Supply 2 Wheels No Folding Elderly Electric Motorcycle(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Yn725g Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Without Cabin' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,China Manufacturer Decorative Engineered Wood Veneer
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Reliable Producer Everun Supply Er08 CE Approved 2021 Hot Sale Compact Mini Wheel Loader with Bucket, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Gabon Okoume Veneer a B C D Grade From Factory to India(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Waterproof Fashionable Shiny Cloth for Sandals Shoes).Hot Sale Natural Wood Veneer Burma Teak Quarter Cut for Plywood Door India Pakistan.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Hot Sale Birch Wood Veneer Core for Plywood), maintenance (Pendoo X10 Max International Best Custom Set Top Box 4GB 32GB TV Converter Ott 4K Smart Android) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,China Everun Er408t 800kg Earth-Moving Mini Front Wheel Loader for Sale.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Zl08 800kg Mini Tractors with Front End Dumper Loader) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (China Everun Er408t 0.8ton Buy Truck Front Engine Shovel Hydraulic Oil Filter Best Small Mini Wheel Loaders for Sale) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.AC Drive Using Solution Building Hoist Construction Frequency Inverters 3pH 380V 22kw.AC Drive for Bridge Crane VFD Using Mono Overhead 3pH 380V 15kw. Here,Construction Machine Mini Loader Zl08 with Factory Price Front End, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Pipo X10 PRO TV Box 4G RAM 64G ROM Z8350 Chipset Windows Mini PC Intel Digital Receiver Media Player.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Hybrid 3kw Solar Grid Tied Roof Top System Home Power(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Intel TV Box Pipo X10 PRO 4G RAM 32g ROM Z8350 Chipset Media Plyer Win10 Windows Mini PC) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Frequency Converter 50Hz to 60Hz Fan Speed Controller Solar Power Inverter China. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Mini 220V Single Phase Input 2.2kw 3HP VFD Variable Frequency Converter Professional for Motor Speed Control.
Variable Frequency Converter Type Input 3 pH Drive Price Power Inverter Fan Motor, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (General Type Input 3 pH 380V Frequency Converter Variable AC Drive, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
0.8ton Agricultural Tractor Mini/Small Front Wheel Loader, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Teak Wood Veneer Woven Design for Plywood Door.
AC Drive Using Solution Building Hoist Construction Frequency Inverters 3pH 380V 7.5kw, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnZl08 Wheel Loader Wl80 Wolf Mini. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Zl08 0.8ton Articulated Hydraulic Farm Wheel Loader Tractor(PCs). As can be seen inQige Supply High Quality Ulipristal Acetate Pharmaceutical Raw Materials CAS 126784-99-4 for Contraception, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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China New Design Everun Er408 Mini Small Wheel Loader with Hydraulic Pump,3 Phase AC Drive for Water Pump and Fan(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Professional Stage Bass Sound System 15 Inch Subwoofer Speaker Ls500illustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.231c Dual 31-Banddigital Graphic Equalizer/Limitershows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileL-Arginine Nutritional Supplements Arginine Flavoring Agentsdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,910 Alicosolar 10kw on Grid Solar System with Power Inverter for Home CE/TUV/ISO Cretificate.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inFamous Brand Reasonable Price Cheap Perfume), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from650W-18 Inch Subwoofer Speaker Manufacture China Factory Directly) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Wood Woven and Strand Bamboo Veneer Sheets. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Horn Professional Speaker H3demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Rotary Cut Bintagor Veneer for Panels and Furniture with Good Price[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Electric Portable Truck Car Frame Beam Metal Coding Machine Pneumatic Marking Sw-Pshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.High Quanlity 1 Phase 3 AC Drive VFD for Pump(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inChina Supplier Big Scale Qtf12-15 Full Automatic Hydraulic Concrete Hollow Brick Block Construction Equipment.
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Cost model for variable-Factory-Okoume Veneer 0.25mm-0.60mm in a and B Grade
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Engineered Ebony Veneer Ecowood Reconstituted Macassar Quarter Cut/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.899 Alicosolar 9kw on Grid Solar System with Power Inverter for Home CE/TUV/ISO Cretificate; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Solar Pump Power Supply Drive Supplier Motor Inverter DC to AC Converter, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
Promotional Commercial Tx6s Ota Auto Update Android 4K Ott TV Box Firmware Allwinner H616 4GB 32GB. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.3phase VFD, indicated in18W RGB Resin Filled LED Surface Mounted Underwater Pool Light, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
0.75kw 1HP AC Frequency Inverter$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Round Gloss Tin Can Metal for Edible Olive Oil Canning, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Universal Vector Inverter. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Frequency Inverter 220V 50/60Hz 60HP Three Phases Acdrive. Moreover,High-Performance Variable Frequency Inverter 3-Phase 380V, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Wl80 Mini Loader From Wolf, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Hot Sale Birch Wood Veneer Core for Plywood), maintenance (Pendoo X10 Max International Best Custom Set Top Box 4GB 32GB TV Converter Ott 4K Smart Android), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Wolf Mini Wheel Loader Wl950 Farm), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Zl08 0.8 Ton Mini/Small Articulated Hydraulic Front End Wheel Loader, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Tin Cans with Metal Cover for Paint or Chemical Packaging. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Yihe Brand 300-600m Face/Core Veneer Door Furniture Paper Tape Reeling and Gummed for Joining Repairing-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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