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Outdoor Sport Fitness Running Fanny Pack Waist Bag for Lady
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Digital Display Superior 316L integrated Pressure TransducerCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Hot Sale and Competitive Price Electric Motorcycle Scooter for DailyMercado Brasil 99.85% Lidocaina HCl Sem Problemas Aduaneiros; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.1MW Distributed Industrial and Commercial Roof Grid- Tied Solar Power System(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,AC Fan Frequency Inverter VFD Vector Control 3pH 30kw, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.3 Liter High Quality Customized Square Printed Tin Cans for Oil/Paint.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Metal Tin with Steel Handle for Paint, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Innopack 500ml Round Conveyor Belt Glue Tin Can with Caps. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Manufacturer Wholesale Good Quality Empty 1lt Metal Paint Glue Tin Cans with Lever Flat Pry Lid.1lt Metal Tin Plated Container Round Paint Can with Triple Tight Lid Manufacturer Wholesale(Khalesiet al.,2015).
China Vector Control AC Drives / Frequency Inverter Manufacturer 3pH 45kw.AC Fan Frequency Inverter VFD Vector Control 3pH 18kwet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Motorbike for 320cc with Police Cruiser Using Dry Weight 180kg(Smith and Mason, 1997).Inverter Cabinet VFD Multifuctional Frequency Inverters 55kw(Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla160p3125q). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)AC Fan Frequency Inverter VFD 3pH 15kw, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).AC Fan Frequency Inverter 3pH 7.5kw; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Inverter Cabinet VFD Frequency, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Inverter Cabinet VFD Frequency AC Drive 55kw. Furthermore,Yn725g 18.5kw Cabin Yineng Mini Wheel Loader, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Yn725g 18.5kw No Cabin Yineng Mini Wheel Loader.Grid Tied 5kw Residencial Solar Energy System Home Power 5000W Panel(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Yangtze 100kw Grid Tied Portable Solar System Camping Component. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Yn725g Yineng Mini Wheel Loader, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inMylar Custom Printing Barrier Exit Bag(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Roof Mounting Solar System 10kw off Grid Tied Power' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Yn725g 18.5kw No Cabin Yineng Mini Wheel Loader
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Yn725g Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw No Cabin, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),5L Rectangle Metal Aluminium Chemical Paint Oil Easy Open Tin Can(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Fashion 925 Sterling Silver Dainty Jewelry 18K Gold Plated Three Pearl Charm Necklace).Yn725 Gyineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Non -Cabin.
Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Fast Delivery Home 5kw Solar Power Grid Tied Energy System Cheap Price), maintenance (1389 Hot Selling Install 5kw on-Grid Solar Systems 12kw Grid- Tied Kit for Home Power System) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Full HD Media Player Minix Neo N42c-4 N4200 4G 32g Internet Games Online Play Racing Windows 10 Smart Set Top Box Support Google Apk Install.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (6000W Single Phase Inverter Grid Tied Home Solar System) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Complete Set 15kw Grid Tied Solar Power System) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.China Cheap Colour Optional Electric Motorcycle for Adults.Good Quality 2-Wheel Electric Motorcycle 500-1000W Scooter in Stock. Here,Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw No Cabin, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-China Electric Mobility Scooter Motorcycle with Lights/Electric Bicycle Moped Fast Delivery.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Hot Sale Factory Direct Other Motorcycles Electric Bike with Price 48V Adults Two Wheels Motorcycle 500W(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-World IPTV M3u Subscription 1 Year for Arabic Netherlands Malta Austria Bulgaria Romania Egypt Croatia Africa 9600 Channels Smart TV Android Apple) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Factory Price Wholesale Vespa Electric Scooter Motorcycle Adult. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Cheaper Long Range off Road Best Selling Hot China Xindazhou Products Motorcycle Electric Adult.
2021 Fashion Electric Mtorcycle 2000W Motor China, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Mini Dumper Wolf Wl80 Loader with CE, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Engine Oil Cans 4 Liter Motor Lubricating Tin Can, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Yn725 Gyineng Mini Wheel Loader.
Solar Pump Frequency Inverter MPPT Fuction 0.75kw, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnModern Design Rk3318 Android 4GB RAM 32GB ROM HK1 Cool Free Internet Octa Core 9.0 Set Top TV Box. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Electric Scooter Motorcycle/Electric Moto Popular Motorcycle CE Approval 1000W(PCs). As can be seen in1L Paint Tin Cans/Empty Food Grade Can with Lid, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.8 Side Seal Rice Bag/Flat Bottom Pouch/Flat Plastic Bag for Pet Dog Cat Food Packagingshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileWholesale Factory 12V 200ah Lithium Ion LiFePO4 Battery 24Vdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,China Hot Sale Single Phase Variable Frequency Inverter 1.5kw 220V.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inGel Polish Bmg /Gel Soak off), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromCe Certification Plastic Water Bottle Use Yellow Masterbatch) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.1.5kw 1HP AC Frequency Inverter. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Factory Direct HK1 Cool Set Android 9.0 4GB RAM 16GB ROM IPTV 64GB Firmware Smart TV Boxdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,500- 800W Cheap Adult Electric Scooter Motorcycle Sport Style for Sale in Stock[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.PA Speaker Cabinet Accessories shows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw No Cabin(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated in1500W Axial Flow CO2 Sealed Die Board Laser Cutting Machine.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Linyi 9mm/12mm/15mm/18mm Pine/Bintangor/Okoume Film Faced Plywood/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.China Hot Sale Frequency Converter/Inverter 380V 50/60Hz; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,AC Fan Frequency Inverter VFD Vector Control 3pH 30kw, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Good Quality Factory Directly Electric Motorcycle 800W 1000W 60V for Adults$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.on Grid Solar Panel System 30kw Tied Home Power, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Tractor loader/ mini loader with four wheels for loading. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.2021 60V 20ah EEC Motorcycle Electric Moped Scooter 500/ 800W Motorbike. Moreover,Chinese Industrial Titan Small 0.8 Ton Articulated Earth Mover Euro Auto Mini Farm Truck Wheel Tractor Front End Loader for Sale, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Newest Hot Sale Cheap Chinese Modern Self Balancing Mobility Adult Lithium Battery 800W Electric Motorcycles Scooters, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Fast Delivery Home 5kw Solar Power Grid Tied Energy System Cheap Price), maintenance (1389 Hot Selling Install 5kw on-Grid Solar Systems 12kw Grid- Tied Kit for Home Power System), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Three Phase Frequency Inverter Made in China Hot Sale), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.0.8ton mini wheel loader with small bucket for multifunctional use, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Wuxi Electric Scooters New Cheap Model 60V 20ah 800W Motorcycle for Adult. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.2 Wheel Electric Motorcycle with Lead Battery-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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