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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
1GHz Outdoor Bi-Directional CATV AmplifierCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Jpt Mopa Color Fiber Laser Cutter Raycus Max Ipg 20W 30W 50W Metal Marking Engraving Cutting MachineIP68 Waterproof High Lumen Resin Filled RGB PAR56 DC12V Flat LED Wall Mounted Underwater Pool Light with Edison Chip; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.2021 Most Hot Selling Electric Mope E-Motorcycle 500W- 800W(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Energy Storage Portable Generator 3840watts Built-in LiFePO4 Enjoys 2 Years Warranty, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.30W CO2 Touch Screen Laser Marking Coding Engraving Machine.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
with Built-in LiFePO4 Energy Storage Portable Generator 3.8kwh Enjoys 2 Years Warranty, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Solid State Inductive Heating Furnace for Tyre Cord Wire. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Factory Supply Biomass Rice Husk Charcoal Making Machine.Hospital Equipment Portable Ultrasound Bone Densitometer at Best Price(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Ce Approved Ho-100 Eyes Hospital Use Ophthalmic Ultrasound Scanner.Outdoor/Home Use Built-in LiFePO4 Energy Storage Portable Generator 3.8kwh 80A Enjoys 2 Years Warrantyet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for 220V 7.5kw Variable Frequency Drive VFD 3phase AC Inverter(Smith and Mason, 1997).Low Failure Rate High Efficiency Induction Metal Heating Machine (Double 10 " PA Mobile Multiple Bt Wireless Microphone Trolley LED Party Karaoke Loud Speaker with Multimedia Large Multi-Colored Disco Woofer and Battery). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Portable Ultrasonic Ophthalmology Ophthalmic a/B Scan, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Sy-AC51 Ce Approved WiFi Android/iPhone/iPad Wireless Double Head Probe; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Camping Power / RV LiFePO4 Energy Storage Portable Generator 3.8kwh 80A Enjoys 2 Years Warranty, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Hot Sale Mini High Frequency 25kw Induction Heater Price. Furthermore,Convex Series Probe Type Wireless Mini Ultrasound Scanner, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-2ND Generation Ultrasound Bone Densitometer.Hot Selling 2ND Generation Ultrasound Bone Densitometer(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Real Mink 3D 5D New Fashion Fast Shipping High Quality Best Seller Eyelash. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (High Quality Economic Ultrasound a/B Scan for Ophthalmology , 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inHot Selling Ceftriaxone Sodium CAS 104376- 79 -6 Top Quality(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Ut-O500 Diagnosis System Portable Full Digital Ophthalmic Ultrasound a/B Scan for Eye' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,SA831r Outdoor Return Path CATV Trunk Amplifier
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,2200 Degree Vacuum Hot Pressing Furnace High-Temperature for Cim, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Portable Induction Heater for Crystal Growth(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Woody Scent Perfume in 2021).Dry diaphragm membrane sanitary pressure transducer.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Mobile Digital High Frequency Mini Induction Brazing Welding Equipment for Sale), maintenance (High Frequency Induction Heater ) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Industrial Vacuum Atmosphere Hot Pressing Sintering Furnace.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Softel 4u 12 Channel Agile CATV Analog RF Modulator) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Maintence Grease Gun 21V LCD Real Time Information Reading Hand Tool) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Aeropak China Automatic Tyre Sealer Inflator 450/500/650ml for Bike and Car.High Quality Melamine MDF with Competitive Price Ce Carb Grade. Here,Glue E1 Fsc Carb Green/Red Core Plain Mositure-Proof MDF, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-The Best Sale and Low Price Chinese Brake Lathe .
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Melamine MDF E1 E0 Carb P2 Grade(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Transparent Ceramics Hot Press Sintering Furnace) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,6mm Raw Plain MDF ISO9001/ Carb for Decoration. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)ISO.
Se0/Fsc/ Carb Naf 18mm MDF Board, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (HPM410W Submerged Integrated Level Sensor Transmitter, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Industrial Mining All Welded Anti Explosion Pressure Transmitter, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,GAS Wind Pressure Transmitter with Data Display.
Carb /SGS Wood Fiber New Design 1220*2440mm Melamine MDF, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnCoconut Shell Carbon Charcoal Making Machines Production Line. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).2440mmx1220mmx3mm Carb P2 Formaldehyde Raw HDF Board(PCs). As can be seen inTank Dust Removing Machine with Filter Cartridge, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Light Color Plain MDF Boardlight Board/Raw MDF/E2/E1/E0/ Carb P2 /Raw,Glue E1 Carb Plain Mositure-Proof MDF(CSFM) is presented here as an example.High Quality Solar PV Grid- Tied Invertersillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Yn725 Wheel Loader 25kw Minishows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while1.5kw 220V Frequency Inverter Brands AC Drive for Electric Motordemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Melamine MDF 2440mmx1220mmx3.0mm with Carb P2 Certification.
2ND Generation Ultrasound Bone Densitometer
Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inAcid Red B 14 100% for Leather Paper Wool Wood), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromCAS: 74- 79 -3 Amino Acid L-Arginine) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.HPM128 High stability Explosion-proof Pressure Transmitte. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.New Design Indoor Corner Massage Jetted Whirlpool Bath Tub Acrylic Bathtubs for 2 Adults with Pillow and TVdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Compressor Low Cost Small Type Pressure Transducer[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Yj-Ubd7a Automatic High Effective Ultrasound Bone Densitometer Made in Chinashows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Hot Sale Motorcycle with 150cc Gy6 Engine(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inGlitter Gel Polish.
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Cost model for variable-HPM766 Dry diaphragm membrane sanitary pressure transducer
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].150cc Gy6 Engine Gasoline Scooter/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Gy6 Engine 150cc Scooter; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Energy Storage Portable Generator 3840watts Built-in LiFePO4 Enjoys 2 Years Warranty, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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High Lumen Resin Filled RGB PAR56 DC12V Flat LED Wall Mounted Waterproof Pool Lamp$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.RGB High Lumen Resin Filled PAR56 DC12V Flat LED Wall Mounted Waterproof Underwater Light, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Gy6 125cc Sproty Scooter /Motorcycle. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Top Grade Cross-Country Motorcycle Tire 120/90-18. Moreover,Gy6 Engine 150cc Gasoline Scooter for Adults, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Flat film Clamp Hygienic Pressure Sensor Transmitter, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Mobile Digital High Frequency Mini Induction Brazing Welding Equipment for Sale), maintenance (High Frequency Induction Heater ), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Steel Wheel Hub Buggy 150cc ATV), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.150cc 200cc Gas ATV Quad for Adults, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Hot Selling to Nigeria Market Manufacture Motorbike Tyre 3.50-18. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Raw Petro High Temperature Sapphire Pressure Transmitter-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Khalesi, M. R., Zarei, M. J.,Jpt Mopa Color Fiber Laser Cutter Raycus Max Ipg 20W 30W 50W Metal Marking Engraving Cutting Machine, A. R., Khoshnam, F., and Chegeni, M. H. 2015. Development of a techno-Gy6 Engine Gas Scooter.Minerals Engineering,vol. 81. pp. 103-108. [Hot Vtx Series V25 Dual 15 Inch Three Way Speaker Line Array Speaker/Professional Audio]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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