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UK Engine 1106A-70tg1 108kw/135kVA 120kw/150kVA Power Electric Diesel Generators
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Manual Water Pump Controller with Great Price AC Trifsico Solar Inverter Fan MotorCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Chemical Factory Sale Ammonium Sulphate Fertilizer GranularTp01 Piezo Electric Dome Tweeter; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Caprolactam Grade Ammonium Sulfate Soa Fertilizer Sulphate(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,20.5% Nitrogen Steel Grade Ammonium Sulphate in Agriculture, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Nitrogen Fertilizer Caprolactam Grade Ammonium Sulphate.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Nitrogen Fertilizer Steel Grade as From China Factory, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Nitrogen Chemical Fertilizer Ammonium Sulfate 21%Min. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,White Crystal Steel Grade Ammonium Sulphate with N20.5%.Floating Agent Ammonium Dibutyl Dithiophosphate Supplier(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Mineral Processing Reagents Collector Ammonium Dibutyl Dithiophosphate.Nitrogen Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate for Agricultureet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Pigment Violet 1 Toner for Ink(Smith and Mason, 1997).China Suppllier Ammonium Sulphate 21% Nitrogen Fertilizer(Draught Fan Digital LED Micro Air Wind Pressure Sensor). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Granular Ammonium Sulphate, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Fertilizer N21%; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,China Supplier Ammonium Sulphate Compound Fertilizer, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Crystal Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate for Coumpound. Furthermore,Raw Material of Making Compound Fertilizer Ammonium Sulfate N1%, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Vegetable and Fruit Fertilizer Crystal Caprolactam Grade Ammonium Sulphate.Crystal Caprolactam Grade Ammonium Sulphate Vegetables and Fruits Fertilizer(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Hipower Top 10 Speakers Professional Audio PA Loudspeaker 8ohm. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Professional Audio PA Subwoofer Component Speakers, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inSkycron® Disperse Violet 26/HFRL Dyestuff Fabric Dye(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;650W-18 Inch Subwoofer Speaker Manufacture China Factory Directly' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,L18 /86130 100%Good Feedback! Professional 18 Inch PA Speaker 1000W RMS Subwoofer
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Additive PE Green Color Masterbatches Manufacturer, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),L18 /86131 Falante Professional 18inch Subwoofer 700W New Product China Supplier Hot Sale(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Tempered Glass Cooking Pot Lid with Silicone Rim).L18 /86138-Good Feedback! Professional 18 Inch PA Speaker 1500W RMS Neodymium Subwoofer.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (L18 / 6620- 18 Polegadas PRO Audio Subwoofer Alto Falante 650W), maintenance (OEM Custom Square Rectangle Round Rubber Cover) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,N21% White Granular Ammonium Sulphate.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Vegetable and Fruit Fertilizer Ammonium Sulfate Nitrogen 21%) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Agriculture Fertilizer N 21% Ammonium Sulfate) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.21% Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate Caprolactam Grade Crystalline.Agriculture Fertilizer Nitrogen 21% Ammonium Sulfate China Factory. Here,Power Steel Grade Nitrogen 20.5% Industrial Ammonium Sulphate Chemical Fertilizer, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-White Extrusion Granular Ammonium Sulphate China Factory.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Granular Grade Ammonium Sulphate N20.5% Nitrogen Fertilizer(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Nitrogen Fertilizer Color Granular Ammonium Sulphate 20.5+24s) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,China Suppliers Alone Type Wraped Beam Disc Machenism Padlock. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Dust Proof Steel Shackle Padlocks with Master Key.
Padlock-G38PDP, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Breaker Lock, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Padlock, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Alone Type Wraped Beam Leaves Iron Padlock .
Fuso Truck & Bus Turbo Td04 49377-03041 Me201258 for 4m40 Engine Mitsubishi Pajero, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnGt1544s 454083-0001 1002829 Garrett Engine Turbo for Vw Passat. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Engine Parts Turbocharger for Mercedes-Benz Om906 La K27.2 Om366/Om642/Om362/Om441/Om442/Om447/Om457(PCs). As can be seen inEconomic Mulifunctional Line Array System Speaker Dual 10 Inch, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.High Quality Phenashows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileAlcohol Polyamide Resin for Printing Inkdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,FPM FKM Viton EPDM SBR Cr Silicone NBR Rubber Parts.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inGood Quality Naringin Dihydrochalcone CAS 18916-17-1 as Sweetener), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from5GHz Dual Pol Sector Antenna with Enclosure) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Gt1544sm 733783-5007s Turbo for Volkswagen Fox 1.4L Tdi Engine Bnm. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Oil Treatment Packaging Tin Container Candemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Cosmetic Grade 99% Purity All Trans Retinoic Acid 302- 79 -4 Tretinoin/Vitamin a[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.37'' Ultra Wide Stretched Shelf LCD Screen Monitor Advertisement Displayshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Customized Rubber Spacer Black Silicone Bushing(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inTmtd-80 Pre-Dispersed Rubber Accelerator Masterbatch Tetramethyl Thiuram Disulfide.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Ihi Turbocharger 2001-04 Peugeot/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Gt1749V ; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,20.5% Nitrogen Steel Grade Ammonium Sulphate in Agriculture, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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T250-04 452055-5004s Turbocharger for Gemini III Engine$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Gtb1749vk Turbo Cartridge 798128-0004 for 2011- Peugeot Boxer, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Gt3776D 466819-5004s 1823560c92 Turbo for Ford F650 Navistar. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Gt1749vk 798015-0002 A6710900380 Turbo for Ssang-Yong Korando C200 2.0 D20dtf Engine. Moreover,Gt1544V 740611-5002s 28201-2A400 Turbo for Hyundai Verna, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Aftermarket BV45 53039880337 Turbocharger for 2010-12 Nissan Pathfinder Navara Engine, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (L18 / 6620- 18 Polegadas PRO Audio Subwoofer Alto Falante 650W), maintenance (OEM Custom Square Rectangle Round Rubber Cover), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Factory Supply Glycyl-L-Tyrosine), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Dl-Isoleucine Powder CAS 443- 79 -8, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Glycyl- L-Tyrosine; 658- 79 -7. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.L-Pyroglutamic Acid-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
Jwell High Quality Pet Sheet Extrusion Machine for Protective MaskCrystal Nitrogen 21% Agricultural FertilizerCorresponding author