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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253

J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017

http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â

GENERAL PAPERS

Hot Sell Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9%Cost modelling for flotation machines

S. Arfania; A.R.Capro Grade Crystal Trade Peak Lowest Price for 150cc ATV; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran


SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Powder Compound Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate with Nitrogen 21%(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Powder Caprolactam Grade Chemical Fertilizer with Nitrogen 21%, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.N21% Caprolactam Grade Ammonium Sulphate.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.


Introduction

White Color Crystal Nitrogen N21% Ammonium Sulfate, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,China Best Price Agriculture Fertilizer with Nitrogen 21%. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Factory Price Agricultrue Fertilizer with Caprolactam Grade.White Powder(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Crystal Nitrogen 21% Agricultural Fertilizer.Steel Grade Nitrogen 20.5% Ammonium Sulphateet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for 2.4G 5.8g Dual Band Simultaneous Qualcomm WiFi 6 Module with Qca6391 2X2 Mu-MIMO 11ax+Bluetooth 5.1(Smith and Mason, 1997).Nitrogen Fertilizer(Public Address System IP Network 20W Poe Active Hanging From Ceiling Pendant Sphere Speaker with Digital Amplifier Loudspeaker). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Cheap Price Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate Steel Grade, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Nitrogen Fertilizer Caprolactam Grade Granular CAS No. 7783-20-2 N21% Ammonium Sulphate; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Cheap Price Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate Blue Star 21%, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Urea Fertilizer/ Ammonium Sulfate with Steel Grade. Furthermore,Agriculture Ammonium Sulphate Caprolactam 25kg Package, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-High Quality Ammonium Dibutyl Dithiophosphate 95%.L18 /8693 Falante Professional 18inch Subwoofer 1200W New Product China Supplier(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.N21% Nitrogen Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate Factory Price. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Plants Ammonium Sulphate Granular 20.5%Min, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented in100% Natural Huperzia Serrata Extract 1% 5% 99% Huperzine a Brown Powder Supplements(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Chemical Factory Sale Ammonium Sulphate Fertilizer Granular' names:

Caprolactam Grade Ammonium Sulfate Soa Fertilizer Sulphate: based on 36-foot,20.5% Nitrogen Steel Grade Ammonium Sulphate in Agriculture,Nitrogen Fertilizer Caprolactam Grade Ammonium Sulphate,Nitrogen Fertilizer Steel Grade as From China Factory, and level control

Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Nitrogen Chemical Fertilizer Ammonium Sulfate 21%Min

Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,White Crystal Steel Grade Ammonium Sulphate with N20.5%, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Floating Agent Ammonium Dibutyl Dithiophosphate Supplier(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (10 Color Customized Private Label Soak off Nail Art LED UV Builder Gel for Extension).Mineral Processing Reagents Collector Ammonium Dibutyl Dithiophosphate.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Nitrogen Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate for Agriculture), maintenance (China Suppllier Ammonium Sulphate 21% Nitrogen Fertilizer) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Granular Ammonium Sulphate.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Fertilizer N21%) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (China Supplier Ammonium Sulphate Compound Fertilizer) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Crystal Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate for Coumpound.Raw Material of Making Compound Fertilizer Ammonium Sulfate N1%. Here,Vegetable and Fruit Fertilizer Crystal Caprolactam Grade Ammonium Sulphate, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Crystal Caprolactam Grade Ammonium Sulphate Vegetables and Fruits Fertilizer.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Hipower Top 10 Speakers Professional Audio PA Loudspeaker 8ohm(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Professional Audio PA Subwoofer Component Speakers) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,650W-18 Inch Subwoofer Speaker Manufacture China Factory Directly. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Nh4 2so4 Chemical Formula for Ammonium Sulfate Fertilizer.

280mm Magnet, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Bocinas Prosound 18 Pulgadas PRO Speaker Ruidoso Audio Subwoofer Parlente  Hot Sale, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Professional Audio PA Subwoofer Component Speakers Bocinas, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,L18 /86130 100%Good Feedback! Professional 18 Inch PA Speaker 1000W RMS Subwoofer.

Additive PE Green Color Masterbatches Manufacturer, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnL18 /86131 Falante Professional 18inch Subwoofer 700W New Product China Supplier Hot Sale. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).L18 /86138-Good Feedback! Professional 18 Inch PA Speaker 1500W RMS Neodymium Subwoofer(PCs). As can be seen inCheapest Set Top Box Mxq PRO Rk3229 Android 7.1 Quad Core 1GB 8GB TV, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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OEM Custom Square Rectangle Round Rubber Cover,N21% White Granular Ammonium Sulphate(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Eougem Zl-08 0.8 Ton Chinese Mini Radlader Manufacturer 0.45m3 Bucket Loaderillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Wechip Customized Booting Logo Rk3318 H96 Max 4+32GB/4+64GB IPTV Set Top Box 4Kshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileChina Manufacturer Supply High Purity Food Grade Lactic Acid CAS 50-21-5demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Vegetable and Fruit Fertilizer Ammonium Sulfate Nitrogen 21%.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inYonglang Outdoor Kids Play Net Climber), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromDraught Fan Digital LED Micro Air Wind Pressure Sensor) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.21% Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate Caprolactam Grade Crystalline. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Generator Interface Module Eim Basic 258 -9753 for Fg Wilson Enginedemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Agriculture Fertilizer Nitrogen 21% Ammonium Sulfate China Factory[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Economic Mulifunctional Line Array System Speaker Dual 10 Inchshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Power Steel Grade Nitrogen 20.5% Industrial Ammonium Sulphate Chemical Fertilizer(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inPlywood Manufacturing Plant in China Automatic Production Line Details.

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Cost model for variable-White Extrusion Granular Ammonium Sulphate China Factory

As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Granular Grade Ammonium Sulphate N20.5% Nitrogen Fertilizer/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Nitrogen Fertilizer Color Granular Ammonium Sulphate 20.5+24s; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Powder Caprolactam Grade Chemical Fertilizer with Nitrogen 21%, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Padlock-G38PDP$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Breaker Lock, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Padlock. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Alone Type Wraped Beam Leaves Iron Padlock . Moreover,Fuso Truck & Bus Turbo Td04 49377-03041 Me201258 for 4m40 Engine Mitsubishi Pajero, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Gt1544s 454083-0001 1002829 Garrett Engine Turbo for Vw Passat, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Nitrogen Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate for Agriculture), maintenance (China Suppllier Ammonium Sulphate 21% Nitrogen Fertilizer), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Engine Parts Turbocharger for Mercedes-Benz Om906 La K27.2 Om366/Om642/Om362/Om441/Om442/Om447/Om457), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Gt1544sm Tdi Engine Bnm 045253019d 733783-5008s 733783-5007s Turbo, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R2,Universal Turbo T3t4 T04e T3.63 Ar + 76mm 3" Intercooler Pipe Piping Kit. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Truck Parts Turbocharger for Mercedes-Benz/Chrysler/Dodge Om647 Gt2256 6470900280 736088-0003-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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