GENERAL PAPERS

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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.1L Paint Tin Cans/Empty Food Grade Can with Lid(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,17.5-25 20.5-25 23.5-25 26.5-25 29.5-25 OTR Tire for Loaders, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.20.5-25/29.5-25/23.5-25/14.00-24/7.50-16 New E-3/L-3 Loader OTR Bias Tyre.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

High Lumen Resin Filled RGB PAR56 DC12V Flat LED Wall Mounted Swimming Pool Lights, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,China Electric Tricycle 350W 500W 800W for Adult. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Llantas High Quality L5 OTR Tyre 26.5-25.1L Empty Round Brake Fluid Can Boxes(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Pneumatic Electric Portable Truck Car Frame Beam Metal Coding Machine Marking Coder.Motor King Rear Double Axle Tricycle for Heavy Loaderet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for China Manufactory Supplier Health Coffee Slimming Anti Ageing Tea Food Packaging Foil Bag Popcorn Envelope Plastic Mylar Pouch(Smith and Mason, 1997).Pneumatic Frame Number Marking Machine Metal Cutting Plotter Plate Beam Coding(Sell Well 800W 60V Electric Motorcycle for Daily Riding). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)1L Custom Metal Round Tin Cans Box Packaging for Glue Coating Slovent, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).1L /1000ml Extra Virgin Olive Oil Metal Can; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,1L Olive Oil Can Cooking Empty Tin Can/Pot Metal, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Heavy Loader 5wheel Cargo Tricycle with Cabin. Furthermore,High Precision and Fast Speed Nonmetal CO2 Laser Marking Machine, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Motor Cargo Tricycle for 2-3ton Loader.1L Empty Round Tin Can with Plastic Lid Manufacturer(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.1L Extra Virgin Olive Oil Metal Can with Cover. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Solar & Mains 3840wh 80A 220V Outlet Battery for Appliances with Rated Power Under 1500W, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inSteel Speaker Cabinet Top Hat with M20 Thread Inside (InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Gy6 -125/ 150ccformaular' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,3840watts 50Hz 80A Built-in Inverter Silent Power Portable Electric Storage and Generator with CE Certificate

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Barrow Mini Dumper with Three Wheels, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),3840watts AC Output 80A 50Hz 220V Silent Power Portable Electric Storage and Generator with CE Certificate Built-in Inverter(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Qt4-18 Block Making Machine Turkish Thermal).Oil Petrol Anti Corrosive Tantalum Diaphragm Pressure Sensor.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (20/30/50/60/100W Raycus Max Jpt Ipg Table 3D CO2 Mopa Color Logo Printer Marker Fiber Laser Marking Machine), maintenance (Gy6 150cc EEC Scooter) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,250W- 800W Handicapped Mobility Scooter for Old People with Basket.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (with Built-in LiFePO4 Energy Storage Portable Generator 3.8kwh 80A Enjoys 2 Years Warranty) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Camping Power / RV LiFePO4 Energy Storage Portable Generator 3.8kwh 80A 220V AC Output Enjoys 2 Years Warranty) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.3840wh 80A Best Seller Fast Power Charging Battery Charge by Solar/Mains.Pedal E-Bike / Scooter Electric Bicycle 500W/ 800W. Here,Auto Parts Laser Printing Machine Marking System Engraving Equipment, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Water-Proof Cover 3 Wheel Cargo Gasoline Trike.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Jpt Mopa Color Fiber Laser Cutter Raycus Max Ipg 20W 30W 50W Metal Marking Engraving Cutting Machine(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-2021 Most Hot Selling Electric Mope E-Motorcycle 500W- 800W) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Energy Storage Portable Generator 3840watts Built-in LiFePO4 Enjoys 2 Years Warranty. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)30W CO2 Touch Screen Laser Marking Coding Engraving Machine.

with Built-in LiFePO4 Energy Storage Portable Generator 3.8kwh Enjoys 2 Years Warranty, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Solid State Inductive Heating Furnace for Tyre Cord Wire, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Factory Supply Biomass Rice Husk Charcoal Making Machine, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Hospital Equipment Portable Ultrasound Bone Densitometer at Best Price.

Ce Approved Ho-100 Eyes Hospital Use Ophthalmic Ultrasound Scanner, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnOutdoor/Home Use Built-in LiFePO4 Energy Storage Portable Generator 3.8kwh 80A Enjoys 2 Years Warranty. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Low Failure Rate High Efficiency Induction Metal Heating Machine (PCs). As can be seen inMPPT Function Variable Frequency Drive Motor Controller Power Supply Generator, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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Sy-AC51 Ce Approved WiFi Android/iPhone/iPad Wireless Double Head Probe,Camping Power / RV LiFePO4 Energy Storage Portable Generator 3.8kwh 80A Enjoys 2 Years Warranty(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Agriculture Fertilizer Nitrogen 21% Ammonium Sulfate China Factoryillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Stand Alone Tub Small Oval 55 Inch Free Standing Acrylic Bathtubshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileKomatsu PC270-7 Arm Cyl Ketdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Hot Sale Mini High Frequency 25kw Induction Heater Price.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated in4bar High Pressure 20L Oxygen Concentrator for ICU Room Use), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromFrequency Converter for Small Power Motors 3pH 380V 50/60Hz) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.2ND Generation Ultrasound Bone Densitometer. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.PRO Audio PA Speaker demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Hot Selling 2ND Generation Ultrasound Bone Densitometer[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.5L Metal Round Cans for Paint or Chemical Packagingshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Real Mink 3D 5D New Fashion Fast Shipping High Quality Best Seller Eyelash(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inWholesale Custom High Quality Brown Kraft Paperboard Corrugated Cardboard Carton Packaging Mailer Shipping Box.

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Cost model for variable-High Quality Economic Ultrasound a/B Scan for Ophthalmology

As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Ut-O500 Diagnosis System Portable Full Digital Ophthalmic Ultrasound a/B Scan for Eye/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Ophthalmic a Scan and Pachymeter Combined Unit; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,17.5-25 20.5-25 23.5-25 26.5-25 29.5-25 OTR Tire for Loaders, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

Ophthalmic Optical Pachymeter & Biometer / a Scan . Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.1000MHz FTTH Trunk Line CATV Mini 2 Ports Signal Amplifier, indicated inThree Phase AC Variable Speed Frequency Converter Fan Motor Pump Controller, and major extrapolation should be avoided.

Roadside Emergency Set Auto Car Tool Kit$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.SA831r Outdoor Return Path CATV Trunk Amplifier, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)2200 Degree Vacuum Hot Pressing Furnace High-Temperature for Cim. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Portable Induction Heater for Crystal Growth. Moreover,Dry diaphragm membrane sanitary pressure transducer, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Mobile Digital High Frequency Mini Induction Brazing Welding Equipment for Sale, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (20/30/50/60/100W Raycus Max Jpt Ipg Table 3D CO2 Mopa Color Logo Printer Marker Fiber Laser Marking Machine), maintenance (Gy6 150cc EEC Scooter), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,High Frequency Induction Heater ), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Industrial Vacuum Atmosphere Hot Pressing Sintering Furnace, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Softel 4u 12 Channel Agile CATV Analog RF Modulator. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Maintence Grease Gun 21V LCD Real Time Information Reading Hand Tool-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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