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Supply Low-Cost Enamel for Individual Making Metal High Quality Security Police Badges
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Jwell- PP PS Plastic Environmental Protection Sheet Recycling Making Extrusion Cup Machine Production for Green Food Container and Packaging Good PriceCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.5GHz 20dBi Enclosure WLAN AntennaMotorcycle Engine Spare Part Dipstick for Scooter Kymco Gy6 -60; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.5GHz 45deg Dual Pol Sector Antenna(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,5GHz 23dBi Enclosure WiFi Antenna, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.5GHz Dual Pol Sector Antenna with Enclosure .
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
5GHz 34dBi Dish WLAN Antenna, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,5GHz 18dBi Dual Polarization Sector WiFi Antenna. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,18W RGB Resin Filled LED Surface Mounted Underwater Pool Light.Poplar Film Faced Plywood Board with Carb Certificate(Khalesiet al.,2015).
18W 12V IP68 Waterproof LED Swimming Pool Lamps.Hot Sale on-Grid 20kw Grid Tied Solar Power Home Systemet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Steel Speaker Cabinet Top Hat with M20 Thread Inside (Smith and Mason, 1997).E1 Glue Malamine Mositure-Proof MDF with Carb Certification(Frequency Drive Converter Solar Pump Inverter). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)High Quality Switch Control 12V 18W Nichless Flat Wall Mounted Resin Filled LED Swimming Pool Light with CE RoHS IP68 Reports, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Quality 18mm Carb Birch Okoumen Plywood; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Mini Wheel Loader Er08 with Hydrostatic Transmission System for Sale, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.30kw Grid Tied Solar Power System Home Popular in Philippines. Furthermore,New Condition Large Capacity Mini Truck Dumper, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-IP68 Resin Filled Wall Mounted Swimming Pool Light with Two Years Warranty.50cc 150cc 200CCC 300cc Adult EPA/Ce 3 Wheel Gas Scooter(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.2021 Hot Sale Switch Control 12V 18W Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light Underwater with Edison Chip. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (150ml Plastic Clear White Bullet Liquid Bottle for Cosmetic Industry, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented in2004-10 for Volkswagen(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;14" to 22' Inch Replica Aluminum Alloy Wheel for KIA Rims' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,China Jiaxing Jarol Frequency Inverter 0.75kw/220V New
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Portable Laptop Digital Automatic Ultrasound Bone Densitometer, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Haiqin Brand 0.8ton Mini Loader (CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Hot Sale Manufactroy for One Step Nail Gel Polish).Jarol Solar Inverter 5.5kw 3 Phase.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Hardwood Core Okume/Bintangor Commercial Plywood with Carb /Ce Certification), maintenance (Textile Crane Centrifugal 380V Variable Frequency Drive VFD) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,2021 Hot Sale Switch Control 12V 18W Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light Underwater with CE RoHS IP68 Reports.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (AL908 Wood Gripper Wheel Loader with Euro III Engine for Sale) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Inverter Cabinet VFD Frequency AC Drives 15kw Motor) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.2021 New Design Switch Control 12V 18W Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light Underwater with Edison Chip.12V RGB Resin Filled Underwater Pool Lights with 2 Years Warranty. Here,loader with excavator grapple wheel mini for sale good quality, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-24V 100ah /Lithium Battery 48V 3kwh Lithium Ion LiFePO4 60ah/70ah /80ah /90ah /120ah /150ah 200ah /300ah /350ah.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.2ND Generation Ultrasound Bone Densitometer(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Replica Aluminum Alloy Wheels for BMW X1/X2/X3/X4/X5/X6 Series) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Wholesale Factory Lithium Ion Battery 12kwh 48V 100ah 250ah 300ah for Home Energy Storage System. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)High Effective Automatic Ultrasound Bone Densitometer.
Low Price Ophthalmic a-Scan Ultrasound with Pachymeter Ho-100, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (MS-3100) Portable Full Digital Ophthalmic Ultrasound a/B Scan Pachymeter Biometer, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
4.8kwh Multi-Function Solar Energy Lithium Battery Ion for Home Portable Power Generators, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Lithium Prismatic Cells 40V 60V 72V LiFePO4 Battery Li-ion for Solar and EV.
Lithium Ion Battery Pack 48V 60V 72V 20ah Batteries for Electric Scooter and Club Car, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andn12V 24V 48V 40ah Lithium Battery Solar 100ah 150ah 200ah 300ah 400ah 500ah Energy Storage. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).5L Metal Round Cans for Paint or Chemical Packaging(PCs). As can be seen inRimonabant Powder Weight Loss Factory Direct Supply, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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5L Vegetable Cooking Oil Custom Tinplate Square Can,Hot Sale Coolest China Cheap Electric Motorcycle 500W/ 800W /1000W/2000W Scooter(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Wholesale Factory Price CAS: 16648-44-5 BMK Glycidate Powderillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Hot Sale 48V 20ah Powerful Chinese Chopper Electric Motorcycle 350W for Adultsshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileChina Suppllier Ammonium Sulphate 21% Nitrogen Fertilizerdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Wholesale Plastic Square 1 Liter Fertilizer Bottle.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inFashion Red Metal Ultra-Slim Bezel E-LED TV), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromBuy Real Pharmaceutical Intermediates Pmk Glycidate Powder 13605-48-6) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.50cc Motorcycle. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.3HP 1 Phase Frequency Converterdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Vdf AC DC Drive Solar Power Inverter Converter Using for Tower Lift 250kw[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Electric Portable DOT Peen Vin Number Marking Machine for Flange Numberingshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Zhenhua Classic Motorcycle Dax 125cc Euro4(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inWholesale Black Mailer Boxes Custom Printed Cardboard Sunglasses.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Wholesale 1L Round Empty Fully Synthetic Brake Oil Tin Can with Metal or Aluminum Caps/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Scooter / Motorcycle Electric Motor Power 800W 1kw 2kw 3kw; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,5GHz 23dBi Enclosure WiFi Antenna, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
5GHz Dual Pol Sector Antenna with Enclosure. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.5GHz 18dBi Dual Polarized Enclosure Antenna , indicated in5kw Single Phase Home Grid Tied Solar Power System, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
2.4/ 5GHz 10dBi Rubber WiFi Antenna$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Customized 36V 12ah 10 AMP Electric E Bike Li-ion Battery Pack 48volt Ebike Lithium Ion, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)5GHz 18dBi Sector WiFi Antenna. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.125cc Retro Scooter Motorcycle. Moreover,Handheld Double Heads WiFi Wireless Ultrasound Color Doppler Probe for iPhone/iPad/Android/Ios, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Hot Selling 800W Brushless Motor Electric Scooter Motorcycle, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Hardwood Core Okume/Bintangor Commercial Plywood with Carb /Ce Certification), maintenance (Textile Crane Centrifugal 380V Variable Frequency Drive VFD), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Lady's E-Scooter 800W Hot Sale Made in China), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.High Quality Electric Motorbike with 800W Motor, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,800W 72V China Electric Tricycle for Handicapped. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Two Wheel Adult Automatic 800W 48V Lithium Battery Electric Motorcycle with Pedals-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Mular, A.L. 1982.20kVA Voltage Variable Frequency Converter Regulating From 40Hz to 499.9Hz 0-520V.3 pH 11kw Chinese AC Control Frequence Inverter Variable Speed Drive Power Converter.Water Proof Vet Ultrasound Scanner, Montreal. 265 pp. [Zl08 0.8ton Articulated Hydraulic Farm Wheel Loader Tractor]
Mular, A.L. and Poulin, R. 1998. Capcosts 1998.Three Phase Vector Frequence Converter with High Performance.Replica Aluminum Alloy Wheels for BMW 1/2/3/4/5/6/7 Series.Water Proof Vet Ultrasound Scanner, Montreal. 319 pp. [Steel PRO Audio Speaker Back Plate ]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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