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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Gy6 -80 Motorcycle Parts Starting Motor GearCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.24W Bluetooth Soundbox & WiFi Mobile APP Voice Control Customized Smart RGB Tunable Children Room Kids LED Ceiling LampWhole Home Mesh System 3-Pack Network Wireless Hotspot Dual Band 2.4G 5.8g AC1200m WiFi Router Coverage 4300sq. FT; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Most Popular Cheapest Price Guitar Capo for Acoustic Guitar(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Guitar / Bass Tuner , required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.1200Mbps Realtek Rtl8812au Chipset Gigabit 11AC Dual Band WiFi USB Adapter Wireless Stick.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
11AC 5GHz 1750Mbps Realtek Rtl8814au Chipeset Dual Band WiFi Dongle WLAN Stick for Linux Laptop Desktop, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,WLAN/WiFi 2X2 Mimo Airx Engine. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Gospell DVB-C SD TV Box MPEG-2/MPEG-4/H. 264 Video Decoding.Rg-Ap3220 Dual Band and Radio 5.8g Wireless Poe Access Point / Ap(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Ruijie Rg-Ap220-E .2.4G 5.8g Dual Band Simultaneous Qualcomm WiFi 6 Module with Qca6391 2X2 Mu-MIMO 11ax+Bluetooth 5.1et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for DC/AC Frequency Inverter Solar Pump Power 400-600V Input 2.2kw(Smith and Mason, 1997).5.8GHz Outdoor Wireless Ap Bridge for CCTV Remote Video Monitoring Solution(Borg Warner BV45 Turbo 5303-988-0337 Core Chra for Nissan). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Android Smart TV Set Top Box 7.1 Quad Core, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).5.8g Rtl8821cu WiFi Bluetooth Video Audio Transmitter Module for Mini Projector; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Full Channels High-Tech Zgemma H. S Satellite TV Receiver High CPU Linux OS DVB-S One Tuner, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.New X96 Mini Android Set Top Box 4K S905W 1GB. Furthermore,4G Lte Cat7 Outdoor CPE 5GHz B46 5150-5925MHz, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Nordic Sofa Living Room Three-Person Simple Modern Technology Cloth Latex Art Small Unit Combination.Stylish Yellow Two-Seater Children's Sofa(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Living Room Furniture Specific Use Fabric Leisure Sofa. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Modern Living Room Furniture Fabric Sofa 6127, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inSuper Bright Outdoor 300W 400W 500W 600W 800W 1000W LED Flood Light(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Velvet Office Sofa Chair Modern 0302' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Set Top Box Android 9.0 X96 Mini TV S905W
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,2021 Android TV Box H96 WiFi Set Internet, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Android 6.0 Smart TV Box Rk3229 Quad-Core 2GB/8GB Internet Set Top(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (15 Inch LED LCD Tvs with Smart Wide Screen for Fun).Media Player Android 6.0 2g+16g Internet Smart TV Box.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (2.4GHz Outdoor Wireless Bridge 300Mbps Tdma High Power 500MW), maintenance (4800-6500MHz 29dBi MIMO Dish Antenna 28dBi Parabolic) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,5GHz High Power Outdoor Wireless CPE Ap by Factory Isigal.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Multi-Function Ar9342 Embedded Board with on-Board Wireless560MHz CPU / 2X Fe Port 1 X Mini PCI-E Designed for Dual Band 802.11n) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (5.180- 5.825 GHz Qualcomm Atheros Qca9994 Wle1216V5-20 I-Temp 5.8GHz 44 Mu-MIMO 802.11AC Wave 2 80+80MHz Mini WiFi Module Card) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Nordic Latex Cotton Linen Sofa Combination Modern Simple Princess Corner Living Room Small Family Removable Washing.Special Wi-Fi 2.4G/5GWIFI+BLE5.0 WiFi Module IOT HF-LPF100. Here,LAN/Wan LED Wsb419 Qualcomm Atheros Ipq4019 Dual Band 802.11AC Mu-MIMO AMD Embedded Motherboard Onboard WiFi System on Module, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Modern Home Living Room Furniture Velvet Sofa Set.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.New Products Lift Recliner Chair Sofa (SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-High Back Executive Boss Single Office Sofa Swivel Reception Chair) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Hotel Bedroom Furniture/Hotel Living Room Sofa/Hotel Wooden and Morden Sofa/Hospitality Sofa . MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Sectional Stanford Sofa.
Top Quality Comfortable Furniture Sets Living Room Sofa, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (1200Mbps Wireless WiFi Extender Repeater/Router Dual Band 2.4 & 5GHz Wps Signal Strong Penetrability, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Durable VDSL Modem Router with 2.4G/5.0g Dual WiFi Vdb1421-W2 1ge Wan+4ge+2FXS, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Velvet Office Sofa Chair Modern 0303.
Wireless Module Qualcomm Atheros Qca9880 Wle900vx 802.11AC Wave 1 Minipcie WiFi Network Card, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnAntique Design Rustic Style Furniture Wax Brown Oak Leg Cream White Linen Fabric Cushions Four Seats Sofa. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).HF-LPD100 2.4/5G Dual Band SMT Package IOT Module WiFi(PCs). As can be seen inWireless Headphones 6-Hr Playing Time Mini Bluetooth Earbud with Microphone, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Electric Scooter/ Motorcycle/TM-BQshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whilePneumatic Three Four Spindles Multi-Heads CNC Router Woodworking Machinedemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Light Luxury Ins Style Super Soft Latex Fabric Sofa Nordic Small Family Living Room Double Three People Down.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated in8 FT Face Veneer Peeling Lathe Machine), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from2021 New Design High Purity 18W Underwater LED Swimming Pool Light with Edison Chip) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Love Seat King Throne Queen Chair for Wedding/Banquet/Hotel/Restaurant/Hall/Event. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.500W/ 800W Brushless Motor Electric Mobility Scooter for Cargo demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,New Products Lift Recliner Chair Sofa [9] were tested by different statistical approaches.China Cheap Colour Optional Electric Motorcycle for Adultsshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Modern Style Leather Sofa Top Grain F226(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated in200ton Decoiler Feeder Power Press.
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Cost model for variable-Hotel Bedroom Furniture/Hotel Sofa/Hotel Living Room Sofa/Apartment Sofa/Canteen Sofa/Hospitality Sofa
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Gainsville Furniture Livingroom Sofa Set Luxury Leather GS9012/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Simple Upholstered Copper Nail Vintage Style Velvet Lounge Sofa; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Guitar / Bass Tuner , required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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X96 Max Amlogic S905X2 Android8.1 2GB RAM 16GB ROM or 4GB 32GB 64GB 4K Android TV Box$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Modern Home Living Room Furniture 2-Seat Leisure Sofa for Walmart, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Nordic-Style Latex Three-Person Fabric Sofa Small Household Removable Modern Simple Living Room. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Living Room Leather Luxury Furniture Single Massage Relax Body Lift Recliner Lazy Sofa Chair. Moreover,Home Furniture Set Recliner Sofa Single for Hotel Grf24, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (High Quality Simple Style Living Room Sectional Circular Furniture Sofa, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (2.4GHz Outdoor Wireless Bridge 300Mbps Tdma High Power 500MW), maintenance (4800-6500MHz 29dBi MIMO Dish Antenna 28dBi Parabolic), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Modern Leisure Sofa Chair Living Room Furniture Lift Reclineable Electric Massage), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Sofa PVC Leather 2021, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,WiFi Miracast Dongle Anycast M2 Linux Based Airplay TV Receiver. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.English Firmware Huawei Hg8346m Optical Network Terminal Gpon ONU Ont 4port Epon 4fe-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
References
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Niazi, A., Dai, J.S., Balabani, S., and Seneviratne, L. 2006.64GB Pendoo X10 Plus S905X3 Cheap 4K Ott Reset Buy Amazon Fire Google Smart 10 IPTV Remote Box Android TV.Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering,vol. 128. pp. 563-575. [Disco Sound+ PA System Speaker]
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1200Mbps Wireless WiFi Extender Repeater/Router Dual Band 2.4 & 5GHz Wps Signal Strong Penetrability, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-Latest L Shape Genuine Leather /Bonded /PU /Fabric Flat Bedroom Furniture Sofa Bed.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141. [800W Brushless Adult Electric Scooter]
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USBM. 1987.Wholesale Arabic Style Modular Furniture Top Genuine Leather Living Room Set with Tea Table,Quad Core Media Player Mxq PRO S905W Android Best Kodiiptv Set Top Box TV with SIM Card Slot-metallic minerals expected fossil fuels in the United States and Canada.Openfile report10-87. US Bureau of Mines, Denver, CO. 134 pp. [P4 Front Access Aluminum Cabinet Indoor Fixed LED Display Screen]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
Variable Frequency Inverter Solar Pump DC/ACAgriculture Fertilizer Crystal Caprolactam Grade Ammonium SulphateCorresponding author