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Sulphur Black 200%/220%/240% for Textile
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Black Valve Universal Programmable OE Replacement TPMS SensorCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.High Precision Milling Bt30 Tool Holder Collet Chuck for Lathe MachineR-3-Amino-1-N-Boc-Piperidine; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.94% Sodium Tripolyphosphate STPP CAS No: 7758- 79 -4(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Supply Ammonium Polyphosphate APP , required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Sdc Shrink Collet Chuck Toolholders for CNC Machine Part.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Nickel Based Alloy W. Nr 2.4819 Hastelloy C276 Uns N10276 High Temperature Steel Round Flat Bar, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,UNS NO2200 Nickel Plate. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Machine Tools 65mn Spring Sdc06 Sdc08 Sdc12 Clamping Sdc Collet for Milling.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla148p591(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Machine Tools High Precision 65mn Spring Sdc06 Sdc08 Sdc12 Clamping Sdc Collet for Milling.Diesel Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla160pn141et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for VFD AC Drive(Smith and Mason, 1997).Perkins Genuine Oil Filter Head CH11579 Fits CH10929 for Engines Generating Sets Parts(10 -50W 6.5 Inch PA Sound Ceiling Speaker). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Diesel Engine Parts Fuel System SD265 Nozzle, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Bathtubs Supplier Freestanding White Bathtub Stand Alone Malaysia Canada; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Vat Violet 13, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Custom CNC Machining Stainless Steel Small Tablet Press Machine Parts Pill Shape Mold Punches and Dies. Furthermore,Solvent Violet 9 , and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-CAS 81-48-1 Solvent Violet 13 for Dyestuff Powder.Inconel X-750 Forged/Forging Round Bars (SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Factory Price Hot Selling Massage Swimming Pool SPA. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Laswim Swim SPA Endless Swimming Pool Whirlpool Bathtub, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inNew Design Column Speaker 20PCS Driver Unit Professional Coaxial PA System with L16-Ci(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Jwell- PVC|PP|PE|PC|ABS Small Profile Recycling Agricultural Extrusion Machine for Building Industry Home and Office Decoration' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Alloy Inconel 625 Nickel Strip
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 148pn306, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Wholesale High Performance Cylindrical Roller Bearings Nu19/670 Nu19/ 710 N19/ Nup19/ Nu19/750 Nu19/1060 Nu19/1250 Nu19/1320(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (6-10 Capacity Stationary Warehouse Loading Hydraulic Lift Dock Leveler for Sale).Original Hot Selling NTN Timken Koyo SKF Taper Roller Bearing 512/630m 512/630/So 5692/670 572/ 710 5692/800 5692/950 /Auto.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Perkins Engine Spare Parts Fan Belt Gasket - Cylinder Head Seal Cyl Cover 403D-11g 403A-11g1 403D-15g 403A-15g2 404D-22g 080109134 111147491 U11996410), maintenance (Zys Rolling Mill Bearing Four Row Taper Roller Bearings 3810/ 710) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Virgin PA12 Resin GF20 GF30 Pellets.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (PA410 Resin Q-Hgm24 10 -20% Glass Mineral Filled Heat Stabilized) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Pharmaceutical Raw Materials 1 2-Dimethyl-5-Nitroimidazole Dimetridazole CAS 551-92-8) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Trimethyl Cis.Fast Delivery High Purity Benzaldehyde 100-52-7. Here,Perkins Engine Spare Parts Belt Seal - Cyl Head Cover Gasket Cylinder 1206A-E70ttag1 1206A-E70ttag2 1206A-E70ttag3 3652973 T407192 T416223, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Swimming SPA Pool Hot Tub Combo.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Zhejiang Province Acrylic Standing Alone Bathtubs(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Rofessional 21 Speed Mountain Bicycle 26 Inch New MTB) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Perkins Genuine Cyl Head Assy . MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Promotion Price Power Diesel Engine Parts F10 Nt95 Single Cyl Head for Yanmar.
Chinese Heavy Truck Diesel Engine Pump Cylinder 161500137712, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Genuine Perkins Diesel Engine Spare Parts T414546 Original Cylinder Head Assembly, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Jwell PP Corrugated Roof Sheet Extrusion Machine, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Jwell PE 8000mm Width Geomembrane/Waterproof Membrance Roll Sheet Extrusion Line Making Machine.
Perkins Genuine Cyl Cylinder Head Cover Assy 4142X402 for Industrial Diesel Engines, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnCosmetic Pearlescent Pigments Chameleon Color Travel T9755n Multicolor Interference Effect. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Alcohol Benzene Polyamide Ink Resin(PCs). As can be seen inCentral Hole 68mm 10X5.5'' Mild Steel ATV Wheel Rim, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Cosmetic Pearlescent Pigments Chameleon Color Travel T9315n Multicolor Interference Effect,Jwell PLA Pet Plastic Biodegradable Sheet Recycling Cup Making Extrusion Machine(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Cosmetic Raw Material 99% Retinoic Acid 302- 79 -4illustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Round Tin Can for Food Packaging Empty Tinplateshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileWaterproof IP66 Adjustable High Power LED Stadium Lamp 100W 200W 300W 400W 600W 800W 1000W 1200W 1500W Flood Lightdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Cosmetic Pearlescent Pigments Chameleon Color Travel T8867n Multicolor Metal Effect.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inBest Price Fa-8000 China Auto Refractometer), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromMotorcycle Part Carburetor Cg125/Cg150/Jialing125/Jh125L/FT150/ Gy6 -125/CS125/Ds125/Ds150/FT125/150/Chopper /GS150/Gya-200 / Italika Tx-200) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Cosmetic Pearlescent Pigments Chameleon Color Travel T8207n Multicolor Metal Effect Gold Green Blue. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.High Quality Hydroxyacetic CAS 79 -14-1 Cosmetic Grade with Good Price Acid Glycolicdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Powerful Cheap Mountain Bike Bicycle[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.20MHz RF Face Skin Lifting and Tightening Machineshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Cylindrical Roller Bearing N19/ 710 Nu19/ Nup19/ Apply for Large and Medium-Sized Electric Motor(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inCarbide Wire Drawing Dies.
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Cost model for variable-Polyamide Resin Hot Melt Adhesive
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Polyamide Resin/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Co-Soluble Polyamide Resin with Top Quality; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Supply Ammonium Polyphosphate APP , required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
Alcohol Polyamide Resin for Printing Ink. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Popular Alcohol Soluble Polyamide Resin for Gravure Ink, indicated inFactory Supply Dimethyl 2, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
Polyamide Resin with Benzene Soluble for Printing Inks$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Alcohol Soluble Polyamide Resin for Printing Ink, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Supply Rosin Modified Polyamide Resin for Paint. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Farwell P-Hydroxy Benzaldehyde with High Purity 99.5%. Moreover,High Quality Benzaldehyde with Fast Delivery, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Supply Alcohol Soluble Polyamide Resin for Ink, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Perkins Engine Spare Parts Fan Belt Gasket - Cylinder Head Seal Cyl Cover 403D-11g 403A-11g1 403D-15g 403A-15g2 404D-22g 080109134 111147491 U11996410), maintenance (Zys Rolling Mill Bearing Four Row Taper Roller Bearings 3810/ 710), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,CAS No. 151103-09-2 4- ), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Sophisticated Price of Polyamide Resin for Whosale, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,100% Purity Phenol Polyamide Resin. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.High Polyamide Resin-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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