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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Two Way 10 " Mini Portable PRO Audio Active Loudspeaker PS10Cost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Flame Retardant Ammonium Polyphosphate Plastic Pouch Custom Water Proof Weed Packaging Food Pack Stand up Bag; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Pigment Violet 23 Liquid(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Asapp-II Ammonium Polyphosphate for Intumescent Paints , required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Water Treatment Softener Dibasic Sodium Phosphate 97% Powder CAS No.: 7558- 79 -4.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Indissolvable Ammonium Polyphosphate CAS No. 68333- 79 -9, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Sodium Phosphate Dibasic CAS No 7558- 79 -4. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Detergent Grade Sodium Tripolyphosphate 94% CAS No: 7758- 79 -4.Boring Machine Tools Micro Head F1type CNC Heads Set(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Straight Shank Collets C16 C20 C25 C32 Collet Chuck for Power Milling.High Precision Milling Bt30 Tool Holder Collet Chuck for Lathe Machineet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for 2021 New Design High Purity 18W Underwater LED Swimming Pool Light with Edison Chip(Smith and Mason, 1997).94% Sodium Tripolyphosphate STPP CAS No: 7758- 79 -4(High Quality Motorcycle Parts Cam ). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Supply Ammonium Polyphosphate APP , Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Sdc Shrink Collet Chuck Toolholders for CNC Machine Part; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Nickel Based Alloy W. Nr 2.4819 Hastelloy C276 Uns N10276 High Temperature Steel Round Flat Bar, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.UNS NO2200 Nickel Plate. Furthermore,Machine Tools 65mn Spring Sdc06 Sdc08 Sdc12 Clamping Sdc Collet for Milling, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla148p591.Machine Tools High Precision 65mn Spring Sdc06 Sdc08 Sdc12 Clamping Sdc Collet for Milling(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Diesel Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla160pn141. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Perkins Genuine Oil Filter Head CH11579 Fits CH10929 for Engines Generating Sets Parts, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inCCD Auto Identification Positioning Laser Marking Machine for PCB/3c/IC Chips/Electronic Small Devices(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Diesel Engine Parts Fuel System SD265 Nozzle' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,CAS 81-48-1 Solvent Violet 13 for Dyestuff Powder
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Inconel X-750 Forged/Forging Round Bars , blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Factory Price Hot Selling Massage Swimming Pool SPA(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Medicine Hospital Blood Walk in Coolers and Freezers).Laswim Swim SPA Endless Swimming Pool Whirlpool Bathtub.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Jwell- PVC|PP|PE|PC|ABS Small Profile Recycling Agricultural Extrusion Machine for Building Industry Home and Office Decoration), maintenance (HDPE Plastic Geomembrane Sheet Making Extrusion Machine) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Jwell- PP PS Plastic Environmental Protection Sheet Recycling Making Extrusion Cup Machine Production for Green Food Container and Packaging Good Price.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Uns No6600 Inconel600 Steel Plate) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Alloy C276 Hastelloy Nickel Pipe ASTM B622 ASME Sb622 Uns N10276.) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Alloy Inconel 625 Nickel Strip .Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 148pn306. Here,Wholesale High Performance Cylindrical Roller Bearings Nu19/670 Nu19/ 710 N19/ Nup19/ Nu19/750 Nu19/1060 Nu19/1250 Nu19/1320, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Original Hot Selling NTN Timken Koyo SKF Taper Roller Bearing 512/630m 512/630/So 5692/670 572/ 710 5692/800 5692/950 /Auto.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Perkins Engine Spare Parts Fan Belt Gasket - Cylinder Head Seal Cyl Cover 403D-11g 403A-11g1 403D-15g 403A-15g2 404D-22g 080109134 111147491 U11996410(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Zys Rolling Mill Bearing Four Row Taper Roller Bearings 3810/ 710) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Virgin PA12 Resin GF20 GF30 Pellets. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)PA410 Resin Q-Hgm24 10 -20% Glass Mineral Filled Heat Stabilized.
Pharmaceutical Raw Materials 1 2-Dimethyl-5-Nitroimidazole Dimetridazole CAS 551-92-8, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Trimethyl Cis, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Fast Delivery High Purity Benzaldehyde 100-52-7, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Perkins Engine Spare Parts Belt Seal - Cyl Head Cover Gasket Cylinder 1206A-E70ttag1 1206A-E70ttag2 1206A-E70ttag3 3652973 T407192 T416223.
Swimming SPA Pool Hot Tub Combo, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnZhejiang Province Acrylic Standing Alone Bathtubs. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Rofessional 21 Speed Mountain Bicycle 26 Inch New MTB(PCs). As can be seen inBest Quality Skin Care Pure Tretinoin 302- 79 -4, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Promotion Price Power Diesel Engine Parts F10 Nt95 Single Cyl Head for Yanmar,Chinese Heavy Truck Diesel Engine Pump Cylinder 161500137712(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Rosen 35kw Grid Tied on Solar System to Global Marketillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Motorcycle Spare Part Starter Relay for Gy6 -80/Viva R 115ccshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileMc4 Connector Combiner Box with 600V MCB for off Grid Solar Systemdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Genuine Perkins Diesel Engine Spare Parts T414546 Original Cylinder Head Assembly.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inSupply Large Inventory 99.7% Min Silver Sulfate CAS 10294-26-5 Thickener), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromKaraoke Speaker 10'' Ferrite KTV Loudspeaker Portable for System.) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Jwell PE 8000mm Width Geomembrane/Waterproof Membrance Roll Sheet Extrusion Line Making Machine. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Zhenhua Classic Motorcycle Dax 125cc Euro4demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Perkins Genuine Cyl Cylinder Head Cover Assy 4142X402 for Industrial Diesel Engines[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.258 -9754 Electric Engine Interface Moudle 12V Eim Basicshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Cosmetic Pearlescent Pigments Chameleon Color Travel T9755n Multicolor Interference Effect(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inKids Toy of Stuffed Santa Clause for Christmas Promotion.
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Cost model for variable-Alcohol Benzene Polyamide Ink Resin
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].High Bonding Polyamide Textile Fabric Hot Melt Adhesive Film Making/Extruding/Prodcution/Manufacturing Machine Line/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Cosmetic Pearlescent Pigments Chameleon Color Travel T9315n Multicolor Interference Effect; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Asapp-II Ammonium Polyphosphate for Intumescent Paints , required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Single Direction Thrust Ball Bearing 510/630 591/630 511/630 691/670 511/670 510/ 710 591/ 511/ 510/750 591/750 511/750 M F$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Cosmetic Pearlescent Pigments Chameleon Color Travel T8207n Multicolor Metal Effect Gold Green Blue, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Powerful Cheap Mountain Bike Bicycle. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Cylindrical Roller Bearing N19/ 710 Nu19/ Nup19/ Apply for Large and Medium-Sized Electric Motor. Moreover,Polyamide Resin Hot Melt Adhesive, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Polyamide Resin, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Jwell- PVC|PP|PE|PC|ABS Small Profile Recycling Agricultural Extrusion Machine for Building Industry Home and Office Decoration), maintenance (HDPE Plastic Geomembrane Sheet Making Extrusion Machine), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Co-Soluble Polyamide Resin with Top Quality), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Alcohol Polyamide Resin for Printing Ink, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Popular Alcohol Soluble Polyamide Resin for Gravure Ink. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Polyamide Resin with Benzene Soluble for Printing Inks-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Niazi, A., Dai, J.S., Balabani, S., and Seneviratne, L. 2006.Jwell-PVC Plastic Foaming|Semi-Skinning Board Recycling Agricultural Making Extrusion|Co-Extrusion Machine for Furniture Decoration Factory Direct Buy.Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering,vol. 128. pp. 563-575. [Bleached Poplar/Birch Carb Plywood]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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