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SAE ASTM Grade D A283gr. Construction Material Q235B Steel Sheet Alloy Mild Q235D Plate Flat
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Lebekan Aluminum Materials High Power COB LED Flood Light Waterproof Lights 100W 200W 400W 600W 800WCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Plastic Raw Materials Black Color Masterbatches China SupplierPA410 Resin Q-Hgm24 10 -20% Glass Mineral Filled Heat Stabilized; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.35% Blowing Film Grade Carbon Black Masterbatch Manufacture(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Uns S31703/AISI 317L Stainless Steel Sheet/Plate/Coil/Pipe/Flange/Fittings/Bolt & Nuts, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.2021 New Design Plastic Injection Molding Machine Made in China.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Carbon Black Masterbatch for Injection Moulding, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,PLA Masterbatch Manufacturers for 3D Printing Filament. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,PLA Color Masterbatch for 3D Printing.30% to 50% Carbon Content PP Application Making Plastics Product Film(Khalesiet al.,2015).
V5.0 Fashion Mini Twins Wireless Bluetooth Earphone with Microphone.Portable in-Ear Invisible Headphones with Charging Caseet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for 150cc 4-Stroke(Smith and Mason, 1997).Jwell Raincoat TPU Film Extrusion Machine(2-Aminoanthraquinone CAS No 117- 79 -3). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Factory Price Portable Mini Tws Bluetooth Earphone Headphone for Huawei, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Hot Selling Headset Bluetooth Wireless Headphone with Charger Case; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Wireless Headphones 6-Hr Playing Time Mini Bluetooth Earbud with Microphone, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Super Design Mini Earpieces Headset Wireless Earphones for Huawei. Furthermore,PVC Marble Coated Decorative Sheet Production Line Extruder, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Mini Private Design Tws True Wireless Stereo Headphone for Huawei.Bluetooth 5.0 Earphones Wireless Headphones Support HiFi 5 Hours Playtime(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Tws 5.0 Wireless Headphone with ND1526p Dual Call 600mAh Charging Box. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Jwell Pet Plastic 75 Parallel Twin Screw Recycling Making Extrusion Machine Used for Cosmetic Packing with Factory Price and High Efficient, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inProfessional Speaker System Dual 10 Inch Three Way Line Array Audio V310(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Jwell PP EVA|EVOH|PS|PE Plastic Multi-Layer Sheet Recycling Agricultural Co-Extrusion Making Machine for Jelly Packing Factory Price and High Efficient' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,E320L/B/C/D Boom Cyl Seal Kit Excavator Oil Kits
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Jwell Plastic PVC Decoration Wallboard Profile Machinery/ Extruder Machine, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Disodium Phosphate Food Grade Manufacturer(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Accept Customization Perfume Price with Good Scent).99% Tech Grade Disodium Phosphaten Used as Water-Softening Agent.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Sodium Phosphate Monobasic Msp Industrial Grade CAS 7758-80-7), maintenance (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP-II CAS No. 68333- 79 -9) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,High Quality Disodium Phosphate Sell by Factory.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Factory Supply Disodium Phosphate Anhydrous Food Additive) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Head Gasket ) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Disodium Hydrogen Phosphate .High Quality . Here,K20 K30 Tungsten Carbide Thread Rod with Double Helix Hole or Straight, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Customized Carbide Spare Parts Assembly Orifice Main Valve Pulser.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Seal Kits Hyundai R210-7 Boom Cyl Arm Bucketcyl Oil(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Chinese Manufacture Jcb332/Y6195 Universal Cylinder Seal Kit) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Seal Kits Komatsu PC200-5/6 Boom Cyl Kit. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Industrial Grade SHMP .
Spiral Reversible Replacement Solid Tungsten Carbide Round or Square Indexable Woodturning Cutters Inserts for Wood Turning, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (E320L/B/C/D Boom Arm Bucket Cyl Seal Kit Excavator Oil Kits, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Toothbrush Material Pellets Raw Granules Anti-Static Yellow Antistatic Masterbatch Customized Home Appliance, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,K10 K20 P30 Tungsten Carbide Plate Strips for Cutting.
Komastu PC60-6 Arm Cyl Oil Seal Kit, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnCat320b/C/D Arm Cyl Seal Kit Excavator Oil Kits. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Pigment Violet 1 Toner for Ink(PCs). As can be seen inHigh Quality Custom Printed Pet Food Packaging Bags, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Solvent Violet 13 for Plastic Application,Solvent Violet 11(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Pharmaceutical Raw Material CAS 104376- 79 -6 Ceftriaxone Sodium Sterile White Powderillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.T Solar Mc4 Energy System Connector PVshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileLatest L Shape Genuine Leather /Bonded /PU /Fabric Flat Bedroom Furniture Sofa Beddemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Solvent Violet G 49 for Plastic.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inWholesale Custom Colored Holographic Bubble Mailers Air Padded Postage Bags Shiny Waterproof Courier), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromIgnition Coil for Buick Chevrolet Cadillac Isuzu Opel Pontiac 10482928) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Solvent Violet 10b 9. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Karaoke System 10 Inch Sound Speaker Cvr Professional Audiodemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Duplex Stainless Steel Sheet Super 2507[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Chinese Lidocaine Hydrochloride CAS 73-78-9 HClshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.ASTM A789 S32750 Uns Super Duplex Stainless Steel Pipe(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inChrome Finish 15 -17 Altima Front Grill Bumper Emblem.
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Cost model for variable-Uns S32750 2507 S32760 F55 1.4501 Super Duplex Stainless Steel Bar
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Skycron® Disperse Violet 26/HFRL Dyestuff Fabric Dye/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.ASTM A790 Uns S31803 Seamless Stainless Steel Tube; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Uns S31703/AISI 317L Stainless Steel Sheet/Plate/Coil/Pipe/Flange/Fittings/Bolt & Nuts, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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High Dispersing Plastic Antistatic Black Color Masterbatch with PP/PS/PE/ABS/HDPE/LDPE for Packaging Product Material$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Wireless Earbuds Headphones with Bluetooth 5.0 Earphones True Stereo Tws Charging Case for Sports Drive or Work, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Bluetooth 5.0 Headset Mini Tws True Wireless Earbuds Stereo Bass in-Ear Earphone. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Mini Wireless Stereo Tws 5.0 Music Earphone L18. Moreover,Plastic Material PP Antistatic White Masterbatches with Anti Static Requirement Customized PP/PS/ABS/PE/LDPE/HDPE, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Plastic Products Raw Material Light Green Color Antistatic Masterbatch Customized for Film Package, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Sodium Phosphate Monobasic Msp Industrial Grade CAS 7758-80-7), maintenance (Ammonium Polyphosphate APP-II CAS No. 68333- 79 -9), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Jwell Plastic PVC Foamed Frame Profile Extrusion Machine), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Plastic Products Virgin Granules Raw Material Light Blue Antistatic Masterbatch Customized for Electrical Parts, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Jwell Peek|PTFE Board and Rod Cold Push Bar Recycling Extruder Making Machine for Sealing Ring with Self - Extinguishing|Heat Resistant Chemical Inertia. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.PP/PC Sheet Extrusion Machine-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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E320L/B/C/D Boom Arm Bucket Cyl Seal Kit Excavator Oil Kits, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-Double Slipper Two Upper End Freestanding Soaking New Bath Tub.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141. [Electricity Power Saver for Industry ]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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