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High Quality Stoneware Ceramic Coffee Mug
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
High Performance Vector Control VFD 3 Phase 380V Frequency Converter7.5kw Inverter for AC MotorCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Nordic Leather Sofa Modern Simple Three SeatsSuper Fashion Cheap Electric Scooter 60V 72V Long Range Powerful Motorcycle; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Best Selling Modern Design Living Room Classic Leather Recliner Massage Chinese Home Furniture(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Wholesale Folding Bed Space Saving Furniture Sofa Modern Recliner, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Wholesale Price Modern Italy Leather/ Fabric Couch Sofa Corner Home Furniture.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
2021 New Modern Design Living Room Leather Sofa, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Tx6s H616 4GB 32GB VGA IPTV Brasil Android RAM ROM 6GB 8K 2GB 16GB 10.0 2021 Box TV. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,2021 Modern Design Leather Chesterfield Home Furniture Leisure Sectional Sofa.High Quality European Style Modern Furniture(Khalesiet al.,2015).
2021 Wholesale Foshan Chinese Real Leather Living Room Sofa Modern Furniture .VFD Ultra-Low-Noise Delixi 55kw 720va Variable Frequence Inverteret al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for 48V/60V 800W Electric Scooter with Lead-Acid Battery(Smith and Mason, 1997).Modern Home Furniture Living Room Leather Fabric Electric Massage Lounge Leisure Recliner Sofa(Pharmaceutical Grade Raw Powder 99% Purity Medrogestone 977- 79 -7). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)7.5kw VFD Drives/ Frequence Inverter/Converter/ AC Drive Enc, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Wholesale Folding Bed Recliner Sofa Beds Fabric; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Modern Furniture, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Foshan Factory Wholesale High Quality Living Room Leather Sofa. Furthermore,Tx6s H616 32GB ROM Recorder Android 4GB RAM Stick Set Top 2021 SIM Card Ott WiFi Andriod Smart TV Box, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Motor Electronic Power Frequency Converter 380V 2.2kw.Pipo X8 Mini PC Smart TV Box(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Twisan Honoured Production 800kg Small Front End Loader with High Quality. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Frequency Inverter 380V 50/60Hz, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inWholesale High Performance Metal Mc4 Connector(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;15kw Frequency Inverter for Solar Panel and Fan Pump Input 380-600V DC' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,AC Variable Vector Frequency Inverter
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Chinese Supplier of Variable Frequency Drive/AC/DC Motor Speed Controller, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),AC Drive Solar Charge Controller 3 pH Inverter Welding Machine Elevator Motor Price(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Anti Slip PVC Leather for Motorcycle Seat Cover Material with Abrasion Resistance).AC Drive Frequnce Converter 5.5kw Pump Use .
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (0.8 Ton Mini Wheel Loader with Lowest Price), maintenance (VFD AC Drive) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Automatic Motor Speed Controller Variable AC Drive 1/3 Phase 1.5 Kw 220 V/380 V.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Water Pump Frequency Inverter) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Small Variable-Frequency Drive ) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.VFD Motor Drive Inverter Converter 1.5kw / 2.2kw 220V Variable Frequency.VFD AC 380V 1.5kw Three Phase Inverter Frequency Converter Variable Drive. Here,Variable Speed Drive MPPT Motor Controller Solar Pump Inverter Power Supply, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Compact Mini Farm Loader 800kg Wheel for Sale.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Frequency China Vector Control AC Drive Power Supply Inverter Solar Converter(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-0.8ton Zl08f Small Wheel Loader) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Loading Machine. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Mini Radlader with Ce for Germany and Sweden Market.
China Compact Payloader Zl08 Mini Front End Wheel Loader with Ce, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Farm Equipment 800kg Small Loader Payloader for Sale, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Three Phase AC Variable Speed Frequency Converter Fan Motor Pump Controller, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,0.8t Multifunctional Hydraulic Wheel Loader for Farm.
Android TV Box X96 Air 4GB 32GB Media Player, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnChina Articulated Wheel Loader Mr 908 Euro Style 800kg /0.8ton Mini for Sale. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Construction Equipment Mini Wheel Loader with Quick Hitch(PCs). As can be seen inActive Speaker with LED Display 15"500W Full Range Bluetooth H-15p, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Chinese Mini Radlader 800kg Wheel Loader with Pirce,Frequency Converter 0.5 HP(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Compact structure mini loader/wheel loader/ with 0.8ton bucket for building constructionillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.55" HD 1080P Commercial LED Screen Video Wall LCD Displayshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileHigh Quality Lidocaine Hydrochloride / HCl CAS 73-78-9demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,125HP Elevator Inverter Price Electronics 220V 240V Three Phase Pump.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated in0.6m Aluminum Profile LED Suspended Bluetooth Speaker Shop Light), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromThree Phase Frequency Inverter Made in China Hot Sale) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.AC Board China Vector Control 60Hz to 50Hz VFD Drive Price. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Lithium Polymer Battery Mica 3.7V Mc602540 550mAh Li Pack for Electronic Devicedemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Frequency Converter Three Phase Variable Speed Drive 220kw Generator Air Pump[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.All Trans Retinoic Acid 99.5% 100g Bag High Crystal CAS: 302- 79 -4shows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.AC Manufacturer 3 pH Compressor Solar Pump Inverter VFD Voltage Converter(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inVeneer Rotary Peeling Machine with Clipper Servo System Plywood.
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Cost model for variable-Jarol Converter 220 380 Inverter 220V to 380V Frequency 50Hz 60Hz
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].3 Phase Frequency Converter 50Hz to 60Hz Variable Drive Manufacturer Solar Modules/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Bt 4.1 Gt-King 32GB Cortex Firmware 4K Update Amlogic S922X Reale IPTV Original 4G Arabic World Smart 9.0 Android TV Box; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Wholesale Folding Bed Space Saving Furniture Sofa Modern Recliner, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Mini Loader/Small Wheel Loader Zl08 with CE$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.China Original Mini Bucket 0.8ton Wheel Loader Yz908 Construction Equipment, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Small Wheel Loader Zl08 CE. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Mini Small Hot Sale in Europe Wheel Loader for. Moreover,Supper Mini Wheel Loader Hzm908 Zl08f 0.8ton Compat Small Backhoe, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Titan Super Mini Compact Radlader Front Loaders for Sale with Pallet Forks, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (0.8 Ton Mini Wheel Loader with Lowest Price), maintenance (VFD AC Drive), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,AC Drive Output and Triple Frequency Converter 60 Hz 50 Power Supply), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Titan Brand 0.8 Ton Farm Garden Use Mini Smalll Wheel Loader for Sale, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Mini Wheel Loader Hot Sale with Pallet Fork Zl908. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.220V 3HP Frequency Converter-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
2.50- 17 2021 Factory New Electric Bicycle Hot Sale Cool Sport Motorcycle Made in ChinaCorresponding author