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High Quality Industrial Tyre
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Pinergy 9kw on- Grid Tied Solar Power System for Home or Industrial RoofCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Low Frequency Inverter AC DriveEmpty Lubricant Oil Tin Can Packaging for Motor; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Frequency Inverter Converter 50Hz 60Hz(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Single Phase Mini AC DC Motor Speed Controller, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Frequency Inverter Pump AC Drive Price.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Jarol Frequency Inverter JAC200 3 Phase 380V 4kw, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Inverter. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,AC Drive Inverter Low Frequency Power.0.75kw Output Single Phase AC Converter Frequency Inverter VFD Pump(Khalesiet al.,2015).
AC Drive Variable Drive.China AC Drive Manufacturerset al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Orange Color Masterbatch(Smith and Mason, 1997).China AC Drive Frequency Inverter Manufacturer Supplier(Bluetooth Speaker Indoor Outdoor Party Sound 10 Inch Active Arrray System). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Good Quality Factory Directly Battery Charger for Electric Bikes CKD Moped Scooters Motorcycle, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).1500W Electric Motorcycle; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,High Speed Electric Motorcycle Scooter, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Bl-Xgz Electric Motorcycle. Furthermore,Factory Wholesale Tx3 S905X3 Quad Core Bt 4.1 Great Arabic 64bit 4GB 64GB TV Box Android, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Hot Cheap Electric Scooter for Two Seats 60V800W20ah with USB Charger.Bl-Xgw Electric Motorcycle(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Yineng Yn725 Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Yn725 Mini Small Perkins Engine Wheel Loader, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inOutdoor Professional Audio Loudspeaker PA Stage Active Line Array(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;21kw Grid- Tied Solar Power System with 25 Years Working Time' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Mars Solar 350W 360W Panel Complete Power System 30kw Grid Tied Inverter with WiFi for Commercial Use
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,High Quality 5000W Grid Tied Solar Power Generation System Competitive Price, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),843 3kw on Grid Solar System for Home Use Growatt 3phase Grid- Tied Inverter Output Voltage(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Eleven-Color Men's Short- Sleeved Polo T-Shirt Fashion Classic Shirt).Electric Motorcycle 1000W Motorbike 60V Fast Speed Moped 65km/H.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Promotion Price High Speed Motorcycle Scooter 1000W 500W Electric Chopper Bike), maintenance (Yangtze 10kw Grid- Tied Solar System) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Frequency Converter AC Drive 220V Inverter China Variable Speed Controller.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (4 Liter Metal Tin Can F-Style with Lid and Plastic Handle for Oil) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Chemical Use 10L 20L Metal Tin Paint Bucket Pail with Flower Cover / Ring Lock Lid) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Innopack 16oz 0.5liter Biodegradable Plastic Cold Pressed Juice Bottle with Screw Cap.7.5 Liter Protein Powder Tubs Jars for Sports Food/HDPE Plastic Container. Here,5 Liter Round Empty Protein Powder Jars for Sports Food/HDPE Plastic Container, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Yn725g Hot Sale Mini Wheel Loader.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Articulated Loader Mini Compact Wheel with Shovel(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Good Quality Empty Metal Tin Paint Glue Cans) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Everun 0.8ton Chinese Articulated Mini Wheel Loader. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 1t 0.5cbm Capacity.
500ml Round Resealable Tin Can with Easy Open Screw Top Lid, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Compact wheel loader snow pusher landscaping, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Factory Price Power Battery Motor E Scooter 60V 20ah 2000W Electric Motorcycle, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Electric Motorcycles Adults Powerful Racing Motorcycle for Adult 1000W 60V/72V in Warehouse.
Frequency Drive Converter Solar Pump Inverter, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnChina E Bike Electric Bicycle 48V 20A Ebike Nakto Motorcycle. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).60V 800 Watt 150kg Load Electric E Bike Motorcycle Moped 45 Km H for 2 Person Adults UK(PCs). As can be seen inGospell End-to-End Solution Digital Video Services Rights Management System Interface STB, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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China Single Phase Variable Frequency Inverter AC 220V,Adult Electric Motorcycle/Scooter 60V20ah Lithium Battery China(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Isoquinoline-5-Sulphonyl Chloride Hydrochloride CAS 105627- 79 -0illustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Factory-Enginneered Veneer Ash in 0.30mmshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileMotor King Rear Double Axle Tricycle for Heavy Loaderdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Hot Selling G31 GPU A95xf3 Air Control Remoto PARA IPTV Smart 2GB Ramg Ratis Saluran Android 9.0 Box TV.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inMulti-Function 1325 CNC Router Rotary Device Wood), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from18mm Carb Birch Okoumen Plywood) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Pipo X8 PRO Win 10 Android 5.1 Z8350 Support Bluetooth 4.0 7 Inch Tablet PC. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Maunfacturing Price Sealed Food Packaging Vacuum Bagdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,500kw Solar Energy System Grid Tied 500kwatt Panel Station[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Frequency Converter 75HP Three Phasesshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Factory Direct Supply 2 Wheels No Folding Elderly Electric Motorcycle(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inVeneer Slicing Machine 1.5m Rotary Peeling and Cutting Combined Lathe 55m/Min Servo Motor Slicer for Plywood.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Factory Price 7000W Home Solar Power Generator System Grid Tied/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Planer Using VFD AC Drive Frequency Inverters 3pH 380V 11kw; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Single Phase Mini AC DC Motor Speed Controller, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
Everun Brand CE Approved Articulated 0.8 Ton Wheel Loader. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Solar Energy Systems 3000W for Panel System Home 3kw off Grid Tied Power 5kw 7kw 10kw, indicated inKas DJ Speaker Dual Line Array 18 Inch Subwoofer, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
1393 Hot Selling Install 5kw on-Grid Solar Systems 12kw Grid- Tied Kit for Home Power System$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Yn725g Yineng Mini Wheel Loader, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Solar Energy System 5kw Panel Home Grid Tied Power. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Professional Electric Adult Motorcycle 70km/H Cheap Fast Coc Design. Moreover,Yn725g 18.5kw No Cabin Yineng Mini Wheel Loader, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Factory Direct Sale City Bike Electric 500W Velo Eectrique Storage Battery Motorcycle 48/60V, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Promotion Price High Speed Motorcycle Scooter 1000W 500W Electric Chopper Bike), maintenance (Yangtze 10kw Grid- Tied Solar System), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Haolin Lithium Battery 60V/20ah), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Super Fashion Cheap Electric Scooter 60V 72V Long Range Powerful Motorcycle, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Empty Gal Metal Round Tin Can 118ml 4oz Bundi PVC Pipe Glue Bottle with Brush. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Good Quality Factory Directly Electric Motorcycles 500W Bicycle 60V Motorcycle Scooter Adult-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Mular, A.L. 1982.Pipo X9s Latest Dual Boot Mini PC 2GB 32GB Wins 10+Android 5.1 TV Box 4K Full HD.6000W Inverter Grid Tied Home Solar Energy System Without Battery.Solar Pump Inverter DC/ AC Supplier, Montreal. 265 pp. [Customized Multi Birch Veneer Plywood Manufacturer]
Mular, A.L. and Poulin, R. 1998. Capcosts 1998.DC/AC Frequency Inverter Solar Pump Power 400-600V Input 1.5kw.Frequnce Converter AC Drive 380V 11kw.Solar Pump Inverter DC/ AC Supplier, Montreal. 319 pp. [5.8GHz WLAN/WiFi 0.9m Dual-Polarized Parabolic Antenna 32dBi Gain]
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Compact wheel loader snow pusher landscaping, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-Yn725g 18.5kw Cabin Yineng Mini Wheel Loader.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141. [Single 10 Inch Two Way Professional Passive Coaxial Monitor Speaker]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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