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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
10 Inch Coaxial Speaker Professional Driver 250wrms Line ArrayCost modelling for flotation machines
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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.4u 16 in 1 Agile CATV RF Modulator Channels(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Thinner Plain Color 1L Metal Can with Screw Cap, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Customized 1L Round Empty Metal Oil Paint Package Tin/Can Container.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
HDPE Pesticide Bottle 500ml 1L Foliar Fertilizer Plastic, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Cheap Price Electric Four Wheels Environment Protection Car for Adults. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Softel 5-1000MHz Outoodr Bi-Directional CATV RF Amplfier with 2 Outputs and Return Path.Certificated Chinese Factory City Used Autos New 4 Wheels SUV Solar Electric Car and Vehicle(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Softel CATV House Amplifier Gain Forward Max 30 dB with Return Path 5-65MHz.Gain 30dB 1 Output CATV House User Amplifier with AGCet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Dust Collector Hammer Mill Shaker(Smith and Mason, 1997).Softel 24 Channel Optional RF Fixed Analog Modulator(Cosmetic Grade L-Arginine with Best Price). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Cummins diesel engine 4918416 inline 5 diagnostic tool datalink adapter, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Solar Energy System 3kwh Power Home Built in Inverter; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,High Quality 3kwh Rechargeable LiFePO4 Lithium Battery, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Automatic Thermostatic Vulcanizer for Sale . Furthermore,BMW N63 S63 Camshaft Alignment Tool Set , and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Gy6 -125 Spark Plug Cap OEM Quality Motorcycle Parts.2021 High Quality Marine 1400W Hybrid Power Inverter Solar System Portable with 3kwh Lithium Battery(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Motorcycle Scooter Rear Clutch Assembly for Gy6 -90 Engines. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Motorcycle Parts Speed Cable for Gy6 -150, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inAdult Electric Motorcycle/Scooter 60V20ah Lithium Battery China(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Powder Metallurgy Hot Press Sintering Furnace' names:
►Motorcycle Part Carburetor Cg125/Cg150/Jialing125/Jh125L/FT150/ Gy6 -125/CS125/Ds125/Ds150/FT125/150/Chopper /GS150/Gya-200 / Italika Tx-200: based on 36-foot,Cheap Popular Pattern 3.00-18 Motorcycle Tyre,Strong Corrosion Resistance High Overload Pressure Sensor,300cc Triciclo Con Cabina, and level control
►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Three Wheel Trolley Tube Type Tire 90/90-18
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,High accuracy stability Monocrystalline Silicon Pressure Transmitter, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Discount High Strength 90/90-19 Motorcycle Tyre/Tire(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (P6 Indoor Rental Full Color Advertising LED Display Screen).New Pattern Best Price 110/90- 17 Motorcycle Tire.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Tire Brands to Avoid 2.50- 17 Solid Tire.), maintenance (2021 Hot Sale 18W 12V High Power Swimming Pool Lighting Water Proof Lights for) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Lashes 3D Wholesale Vendor Full Strip False Eyelashes 20mm.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (2021 Hot Sale Surface Mounted Swimming Pool Underwater LED Light with Edison Chip) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Chinese 300cc Cheap Farm Gas Trike ) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.3.00- 17 Super High Quality Natural Rubber Motorcycle Tire..Thin-film Sputtering Pressure Transmitter For Medical Equipment. Here,High Quality Surface Mounted Swimming Pool Underwater LED Light with Edison Chip, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Ophthalmic Ultrasonic Pachymeter and Biometer.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.2D Echo Color Doppler Ultrasound Scanner Diagnostic Equipment(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-2021 New Arrival Malaysian Eyebrow) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,18" Remy Hair Lace Front Closure Natural Color Body Wave. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)250ml 500ml 750ml 1L Fancy Small Cooking Oil Tin.
2D Echo Color Doppler Ultrasound Scanner, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Ready to Ship Best Quality Brazilian Human Hair Body Wave Extensions, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
8-30inches Malaysian Straight Hair Bundles 100% Human Weaves, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Ophthalmic Biometer &Pachymeter .
New Cooling Fast Racing Motorcycle 400cc 250cc Efi System 150km/H, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnWholesales Hairdressing College 100% Real Natural Hair Practice Mannequin Training Head for Hairdresser. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).China High Quality Ut-O100 Ophthalmic Pachymeter Ultrasound Scanner for Eye(PCs). As can be seen inProfessional Sound System Effects for Equipment Hire , neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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50cc EEC Motorcycle Scooter Efi Moped,3 Seats 3000W 4 Wheel Mobility Disabled EEC/Coc Electric Mini Car with Lithium Battery(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Line Array Horn of Professional Audio 170L*160W*140h 1" illustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Professional Carbon Black Masterbatch Factory for Rubbish Bagshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while5GHz 34dBi Dish WLAN Antennademonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,50cc/125cc Euro 5 Certificate Gas Scooter Motorcycle Moped Efi .
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inFactory Prices OEM Sanitary Napkin), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from11 Kw Synchronous Motor Close Loop Inversor AC Drives VFD Frequency Inverter Power) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.EEC Efi Racing Motorbike Motorcycles 125cc. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Dirt Bike for 199 Cc Displacementdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Motorbicycle with Efi Fuel Supply and Steel Tube Frame[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Skin Tighteningshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.High Speed Kawasaki Ninja Motorcycle 250cc(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inMiddle Temperature Refrigeration Field Compressor Zb95kqe-Tfd- 551.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Electric Smart Cargo Car Tricycle 800W 40km/H Long Running Range/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Mini electric truck/ express vehicle/ Express vehicles; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Thinner Plain Color 1L Metal Can with Screw Cap, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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EEC L2e 1500W 3 Wheel Enclosed Electric Cabin Scooter$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.M7 Model LHD&Rhd EV with Solar Panel Pure Electric Car, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)50cc Monkey Bike Gasoline Motorcycle Euro4 Efi. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.4x2 electric pickup truck/ Electric vehicle/ car. Moreover,Electric 4 Wheelers Cars 800W 50km/H Mini Old Man Tricycle , and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (2021 New Products Motor Power 800W Electric Trolley Tractor, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Tire Brands to Avoid 2.50- 17 Solid Tire.), maintenance (2021 Hot Sale 18W 12V High Power Swimming Pool Lighting Water Proof Lights for), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Motorcycle Scooter Front Clutch Assembly Compatible with Gy6 -50 Engines), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.1L Tin Can with Metal Cap for Food Storage, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Motorcycle Engine Spare Part Dipstick for Scooter Kymco Gy6 -60. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.1L 1.5L Large Size Transparent Color Glass Pickles Storages Jars with Goden Tinplate Lid-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
References
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Khalesi, M. R., Zarei, M. J.,1L Metal Resealable Selable Paint Tin Cans for Glue and Chemical Use, A. R., Khoshnam, F., and Chegeni, M. H. 2015. Development of a techno-1L Cone Top Tin Can with Screw Cap.Minerals Engineering,vol. 81. pp. 103-108. [CATV Optical Receiver Module Bgo887bo Excellent Flatness 40 to 860 MHz]
Kim, G.H., An, S.H., and Kang, K.I. 2004.Gy6 -125 Motorcycle Spark Plug Cap Parts, neural networks, and case-based reasoning.Building and Environment,vol. 39, no. 10. pp. 1235-1242. [Chemical Reagent Bloom Tech 2]
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Mular, A.L. 1982.Flexible Label Laser Marking Machine for Automotive.CATV Indoor Amplifier 8200.4-20mA Oil Fuel Sensor Explosion Proof Differential Pressure Transmitter, Montreal. 265 pp. [TCP/IP Network 30W Poe Active Horn Speaker with RJ45 Interface Waterproof Outdoor Public Address]
Mular, A.L. and Poulin, R. 1998. Capcosts 1998.Softel 3ru CATV 24 Way Fixed-Channel Analog Modulator.Metal Fiber Ring Color Laser Engraving Machine.4-20mA Oil Fuel Sensor Explosion Proof Differential Pressure Transmitter, Montreal. 319 pp. [Buy 99% Retinoic Acid Powder Vitamin a Tretinoin Retinol for Cosmetic]
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Noakes, M. and Lanz, T. 1993.0-5V 0-10V Raw Petro High Temperature Sapphire Pressure Transducer.Hot Sells Solar Power System for Home 3kwh with Both AC&DC Output, Carlton, victoria. 412 pp. [Cheap 3 Wheel Cargo Tricycle with Box ]
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Ready to Ship Best Quality Brazilian Human Hair Body Wave Extensions, A.R., Khalesi, M.R., and Khosfarman, M. 2014. A parametric cost model for mineral grinding mills.Minerals Engineering,vol. 55. pp. 96-102. [5kw 10kw Stc Three Phase AC Synchronous 15kw Brush Alternator]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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