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Factory Price! Freeview Strong Signal DVB T2/S2 IPTV/Youtube Portable19 Inch Smart LED HD TV
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
2.4GHz Wireless Ceiling Speaker PA SystemCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Professional Audio Speaker System Dual 10 Inch 3 Way Big Line Array Vr36Quadrant Stainless Steel Corner Shower Enclosure for Hotel with Customized Size and Color; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Professional Line Array System Dual 10 Inch 3 Way Passive(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,PS10 Professional Sound System 10inch Audio Speaker Box, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Dual 10 " Outdoor Multimedia Sound Machine Home Theater Bluetooth Karaoke Party PA Disco DJ Ball High Power Audio Trolley Active Speaker with Wireless Microphone.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Dare 10inch Passive Line Array Sound System, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Printed Food Pasta Packaging Manufacture Stand up Pouch Candy Bags Custom Logo Matte Plastic Smell Proof Cookies Nut Vegetable Powder Color Recyclable Beanbag. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Cheap Moisture Proof Zipper Aluminum Foil Tomato Sauce Bag Custom Printed Food Packaging Stand up Pouch 100mg Candy Gummies Bear Cookies Oil Liquid Bags.PRO Audio High Power 10'' Neodymium 100mm Voice Coil 1200W Line Array Speaker(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Heat Seal Candy Snack Food Packaging Ny PE Pet Custom Plastic Stand up Pouch Doypack Free Design Rice Bottle Smell Proof Soft Touch Aluminum Vitamin Cookie Bag.High Quality Chemical Product Antioxidant Irganox 1076 CAS 2082- 79 -3et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Green Plastic Masterbatch Blowing Film Grade(Smith and Mason, 1997).Manufacturer Supply 1(959 33kw on Grid Solar Home System with Power Inverter). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Single 10 Inch Top Line Array Passive Audio Speaker PA System Suited to 500-1500 People, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).99% Glycolic Acid Powder CAS 79 -14-1; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,5f-Pcn CAS No. 1445579- 79 -2 in Stock, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Ortho Phthalaldehyde CAS 643- 79 -8 O-Phthalaldehyde. Furthermore,Supply 99% Purity 3-Amino-4-Pyrazolecarboxamide Hemisulfate , and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Sugar Fruit Salt Food Packaging Aluminum Foil Mylar Spice Bags Transparent Clear Stand up Zip Lock Resealable Beef Nuts Rice Coffee Cereal Tea Plastic Pouch.Line Array 10'' Neodymiun PRO Audio Woofer(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 160sn529. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (CAS: 702- 79 -4; 1, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inSofa PVC Leather 2021(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Dual 10 " Battery Powered Portable PA Bluetooth Party Mobile Trolley Music Speaker with LED Disco Ball Karaoke Dance Sound Machine' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Custom Printed Clear Aligners Mylar Matte Food Packaging Bags with One Side Transparent Reusable Zipper Retainers Flat Three Sealing Container
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Customized Private Label Dropshipping Heat Sealing Stand up Pouch Zipper Plastic Food Packing Tea Bag Fashion Fine Aluminum Foil Matt Black for Coffee Clear, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),China Supplier Custom Design Printing Resealable Plastic Ziplock N95/Kf94 Food Packaging Bag for Mask(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Xjl- 300b Automatic Falling Weight Impact Tester).Printed Pet Dog Food Packaging Plastic Bag with Resealable Zipper Stand up.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (100 PCS Child Proof Bags Smell Mylar Bag Flower Cbd Gummy Candy Cookies Packaging Resistant Exit Zip Lock Pouch Food Container), maintenance (Custom 1g 3.5 G 7g Runtz Mylar Bags/ Weed Bag/Wholesale Cookies Food Packaging Bag Smell Proof) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Professional Stage Line Array System Dual 10'' Speaker.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Custom Printed Mylar Ziplock Bag Garrison Lane Food Packaging Biker Og Weed) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Free Design Artwork Weed Bags 3.5g 7g 14G 28g Hemp Cbd Food Packaging Container Bag) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.PRO Audio Speaker Dual 10 " Line Array.10 " PRO Audio Line Array Speaker System. Here,PRO Audio 10'' Ferrite Woofer Speaker, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Multi-Function 10 " Passive Full Range DJ Stage Speaker System.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Custom Printing Food Packaging Plastic Bags with Resealable Zipper(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-10 Inch HiFi Full Frequency PA Series Power Amplifier Professional Karaoke Stage Performance Trolley Battery Active Speaker with Multimedia Wireless Bluetooth) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Karaoke Speaker 10'' Ferrite KTV Loudspeaker Portable for System.. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)100 PCS High Quality Resealable Hair Top Wig Clear Transparent Ziplock Bag Plastic Food Packaging for Oil.
8 Sides Sealed Aluminum Foil Bag Thickened Dog Food Packaging Tea Stand up Plastic Mylar Heat /Air/Water Resistant Container, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Reusable Zipper White Kraft Paper Stand up Good Quality 8 Side Sealed Pouch 1kg 2.5kg Coffee Bag with Valve Aluminum Foil Mylar Plastic Food Packaging, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Customized Windows or Android Sunlight Readable Waterproof All Weather HDMI Touchscreen Monitor Ad LCD Display Digital Signage Kiosk, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Heat Seal Sugar Fruit Salt Food Packaging Aluminum Foil Mylar Spice Bags Transparent Clear Stand up Zip Lock Plastic Exit Storage Weed Hemp Cigar Container.
Custom Cat Food Bags, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnBuy Sugammadex Sodium CAS 343306- 79 -6 From Manufacturer. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Custom Printed Aluminum Foil Laminated Pet Food Packing Bag Plastic Clothes Package Metallized Stand up Zipper Mylar Transparent Clear Pouch Heat Resistant(PCs). As can be seen in15inch Professional Stereo Sound PA PRO Audio DJ Loud Speaker, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Factory Supply Tretinoin / Retinoic Acid Vitamin a CAS 302- 79 -4,Anti-Aging and Anti-Wrinkle Cosmetic Grade PRO-Xylane CAS-439685- 79 -7(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Chinese Brand New 258kw/1500rpm 12 Cylinder 4 Stroke Marine Diesel Engine illustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.0.6mm----2mm AAA Grade White Poplar Wood Veneer for Plywood Usageshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while150cc Gy6 Engine Gasoline Scooterdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,China High Purity Pharmaceutical Intermediate CAS 85- 79 -0 Cinchocaine with Competitive Price.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inCustom Clear Self Adhesive Plastic Padded Shipping Bubble Bags), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromFractional RF & Thermal Beauty Machine) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Factory Supply 2-Phenylbenzimidazole CAS 716- 79 -0 with Best Price. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Customization Available Modern Popular Home Furniture Set Living Room Leather Sofademonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Pharmaceutical Grade Raw Powder 99% Purity Medrogestone 977- 79 -7[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Duroheater Dh- 25kw Handheld Induction Heating Machineshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Supply High Quality L-Lactic Acid with CAS 79 -33-4(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inCustom Metal Crafts Wholesale Silicone Rubber for Vauxhall Insignia Security Police Military Army Tin Button Amg Badge.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Seaweed Iodine Factory Price Wholesale 99% with Chemical CAS/ 68333- 79 -9/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.99% Purity Local Cinchocaine Powder Dibucaine CAS 85- 79 -0 Price; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,PS10 Professional Sound System 10inch Audio Speaker Box, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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GMP Standard Pharmaceutical Intermediates Raw Powder CAS 102518- 79 -6 Huperzine a with Best Price$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Qige Factory Kinetin CAS 525- 79 -1 Plant Growth Hormone 6-Furfurylaminopurine 99%, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)China Factory Price Chlorhexidine Diacetate CAS 206986- 79 -0. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Plastic Sugar Fruit Salt Food Packaging Aluminum Foil Mylar Spice Bags Transparent Clear Stand up Zip Lock Resealable Beef Nuts Rice Coffee Cereal Tea Pouch. Moreover,Dual 10 Inch Rated Power 700 Watts Italian Neodymium Drivers Active Line Array System, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (High Purity and Good Price Glycolic Acid , self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (100 PCS Child Proof Bags Smell Mylar Bag Flower Cbd Gummy Candy Cookies Packaging Resistant Exit Zip Lock Pouch Food Container), maintenance (Custom 1g 3.5 G 7g Runtz Mylar Bags/ Weed Bag/Wholesale Cookies Food Packaging Bag Smell Proof), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Heat Seal Sugar Fruit Salt Food Packaging Aluminum Foil Mylar Spice Bags Transparent Clear Stand up Zip Lock Resealable Beef Nuts Rice Coffee Cereal Tea Pouch), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.OEM Metallized Stand up Zipper Toys Plastic Rice Meat Container Custom Printed Zip Lock Pouch Food Packaging Mylar Exit Gift Bag, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,10 Inch Powered PA Speaker Full Range Stereo System. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Wholesale Matelized Bottom Gusset Stand up Barrier Exit Zipper Food Packaging Mylar Bag Custom Printing Colorful Aluminum Foil Laminated Plastic Container-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
References
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Khalesi, M. R., Zarei, M. J.,Professional Audio Speaker System Dual 10 Inch 3 Way Big Line Array Vr36, A. R., Khoshnam, F., and Chegeni, M. H. 2015. Development of a techno-Food Saver High Transparent Vacuum Plastic Bag.Minerals Engineering,vol. 81. pp. 103-108. [Wholesale Adult Tricycle Price Adults Tuk Motorcycle in India]
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Lashgari, A.10'' Red Steel Woofer, A.R. 2013.Single 10 Inch Two Way Professional Passive Coaxial Monitor Speaker,Eco Frendly PA PE OPP Soft Plastic Lures Bait Packaging Fishing Bag Clear Transparent Ziplock Slide Lock Food for Hermetic,vol. 23. pp. 441-446. [Small Wine Bottle / Glass]
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Mular, A.L. 1982.Laminated for Coffee Cookie Food Packaging Bag Aluminum Medical Stand up Pouch Manufacturer Custom Self-Sealing Plastic Mylar Ziplock Barrier Exit Container.PRO Audio Powered Line Array Tw- 10 Outdoor Speaker.Customized Label Plastic White Black Kraft Paper Pouch One Way Valve Roasted Bean Flat Bottom Coffee Bag Food Packaging Rice Pet Container, Montreal. 265 pp. [Disodium Phosphate Anhydrous]
Mular, A.L. and Poulin, R. 1998. Capcosts 1998.Manufacturer Reusable Ziplock PE Pet Food Stand up Packaging Pouch Bag Flat Bottom Mylar Recyclable Heat Sealed Coffee Bean Rice Dough Powder.V8/Vsub Dual 10 " Compact Indoor/Outdoor Stage Line Array Speaker.Customized Label Plastic White Black Kraft Paper Pouch One Way Valve Roasted Bean Flat Bottom Coffee Bag Food Packaging Rice Pet Container, Montreal. 319 pp. [Pharmaceutical Chemical 1-Hydroxypyrene CAS 5315- 79 -7]
Niazi, A., Dai, J.S., Balabani, S., and Seneviratne, L. 2006.Morin Professional Audio 10inch Line Array Speaker Tw- 10 & Tw-18 Sub.Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering,vol. 128. pp. 563-575. [Factory Wholesale Price Industrial Induction Vacuum Furnace]
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Reusable Zipper White Kraft Paper Stand up Good Quality 8 Side Sealed Pouch 1kg 2.5kg Coffee Bag with Valve Aluminum Foil Mylar Plastic Food Packaging, Ar., Lashgari, A., Fouladgar, M.M., and Skibniewski, M.J. 2012. Estimating capital and operational costs of backhoe shovels.Journal of Civil Engineering and Management,vol. 18, no. 3. pp 378-385. [Automatic PU Foam Gasket Machine]
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USBM. 1987.1.8mm ultra narrow bezel 16: 9 LED TV video wall for home,wall mount 16: 9 LCD screen video for big project-metallic minerals expected fossil fuels in the United States and Canada.Openfile report10-87. US Bureau of Mines, Denver, CO. 134 pp. [Factory UV/LED 3 Step Temperature Changing Gel Polish]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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