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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Wholesale Price Professional PA PRO Audio Sound System Loudspeaker(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Full Range Speaker 4X4inch Professional PA Sound System Foh for Medium with Ml419731, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Music PA Speaker Double 12 Inch Full Range.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

PA Column Speaker Empty Alu. Cabinet 4.5" , sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,PRO Audio Speaker 12 Inch Sub PA Passive Speakers. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,PA Speaker Steel Back Plate .Professional Speaker Power Line-Array Actives Stage Loudspeaker PA System with Vs12(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Line Array with Aluminum Rigging Parts for PA Speaker .Outdoor Big Power Karaoke Trolley Loud PA Speakeret al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for AL908 Wood Gripper Wheel Loader with Euro III Engine for Sale(Smith and Mason, 1997).20dB Gain DJ Mixing Console with MP3 Input (Cosmetic Grade L-Arginine with High Quality). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)PA System LED Light Trolley Tws Woofer Speaker Party Audio, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Dual 12 Inch Fiver Drivers Passive/Active Line Array PRO Audio System; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,50W 8" Portable Polywood Cabinet Trolley Speaker with 2 UHF Mics, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.High Quality Professional OEM / ODM Manufacturer PA Systems 8" Speakers. Furthermore,K2 Line Array Rigging Horn Metal Grill Waveguide Flare Sets , and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-12 Inch Karaoke Bar KTV Speaker Professional PA Passive Stage.Proxima Entertainment S-320 Speaker(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Karaoke Voice Reduction Professional Audio Converter Proaudio . However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Sp215 Sound Prince Style Speaker Acoustic, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented in5L Rectangle Metal Aluminium Chemical Paint Oil Easy Open Tin Can(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;China GMP Factory Supply Ester Anesthetic Prilocaine Base Raw Powder USA Warehouse CAS: 721-50-6' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,High Power Horn Speaker H3

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Horn Speaker L-Acoustics Kudo Line Array+ PA System Array Box, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Levamisole Hydrochloride CAS 16595-80-5 in Stock(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Portable LCD Digital Signage 32 Inch Download Kiosk Bathroom Advertising Frames Tablet with Quality Assurance).Fast Shipping to Australia Quality 1.4 Butanediol Bdo 110-63-4.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Wireless Professional Rechargeable Portable DJ Karaoke Sound Box Trolley Bluetooth PA Speaker with ED-606), maintenance (2.4GHz Wireless Ceiling Speaker PA System) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,OEM ODM Public DJ PA Wooden Speaker.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Double 12" Line Array Speaker) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Feiyang 2X6" Private Battery Bluetooth Speaker Fg206-01) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.PA Speaker with Single-Point Angles Regulator .12 Inch Stage Subwoofer Home Theater/DJ Sub PRO Audio. Here,Peq-12A-Active PA Speaker with Class-Ab Mono Amplifier Bluetooth, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Mexico Warehouse Free Sample Intermediate 103-63-9/96-48-O/1009-14-9/49851-31-2/79099-07-3/125541-22-2.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.CAS No.: 67-63-0 Top Quality Dehydrating Agent Ipa 99.9%/ Isopropyl Alcohol Isopropanol 99.9%(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-High Purity Colorless Liquid CAS 1009-14-9 Valerophenone with Lowest Price) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Pharmaceutical Intermediate Bulk Price N- . MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Cinnamaldehyde CAS 104-55-2 Cinnamic Aldehyde Factory Supply.

Einecs No. 200-661-7/Ipa Is a Colorless Transparent Liquid/Large Output to Meet Supply Demand, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Veterinary Medicine Levamisole Hydrochloride CAS 16595-80-5 HCl, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Speaker System High Power H3, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,CAS No.: 67-63-0 Colorless Transparent Liquid Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9% Used as Raw Materals in Pharmaceutical.

Ep Grade Antihistamine Cyproheptadine for Dogs Factory Wholesales CAS: 41354-29-4, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andn500W Powered Speaker Professional Sound Line Array System . MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Proxima Entertainment Z-450 Digtal Speaker(PCs). As can be seen inJwell HDPE Waterproof Membrance Roll Extrusion Line, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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Lat210A Srx700 Series PA Sound System Professional Speakers,Professional Public Address Mini Onwall Line Array Speaker (CSFM) is presented here as an example.Pendoo X10 Max Amlogic S905X3 Android TV Player World IPTV Video Box Support IR /2.4GHz Wireless Mobile Remote Controlillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.China Factory Supply Valerophenone CAS 1009-14-9 High Quality and Safety Guarantee 1009 14 9 / 1009149shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileSpeaker PS10demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Q1--Dual10 Inch Line Array Speaker.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inFood Additive Sodium Hexametaphosphate High Quality CAS: 68915-31-1), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromCustom Design Food Grade Heat Seal Refrigerate High Quality Plastic Aluminum Foil Pickles Kimchi Packaging Bag Zipper Window for Vegan Eco Friendly) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Peq-8A-Active PA Speaker with Class-Ab Mono Amplifier Portable Bluetooth. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Professional Audio Loudspeaker V20 PA Speaker Vtx V25 PRO Line Array S25 G28 Powerful Subwooferdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Portable Black Floor Tripod Speaker Stand Adjustable for 12 Inch PA[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Factory Supply Tretinoin / Retinoic Acid Vitamin a CAS 302- 79 -4shows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Power Amplifiers PA Speaker System Amplifier 1000 Watt(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inDenair All Kinds of Variable Screw Air Compressors Having Perfect Treatment Equipment.

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Cost model for variable-Wholesales Organic Intermediate 1

As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Audio J812 Loudsspeaker Line Array PA System Speaker Plan Three Way Dual 12 Inches PRO Sell/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Live/Installed Sound System PRO Speaker Box ; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Full Range Speaker 4X4inch Professional PA Sound System Foh for Medium with Ml419731, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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XL-GF15 15-Inch 400W-800W Two-Way Two-Unit Full Frequency Professional Stage Equipment Speaker$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Professional Multifunction Active Stage Speaker Wood Bt with Laser Lights, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)L-812 Dual 12-Inch 2-Way 4-Unit Full Frequency Line Array Speaker. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.100% Safe Arriving Australia GB-B L 1.4 Butanediol Bdo 110-63-4. Moreover,High Purity Levamisole Manufacturer CAS 14769-73-4 with Best Price, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Free Sample Organic Chemicals 1, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Wireless Professional Rechargeable Portable DJ Karaoke Sound Box Trolley Bluetooth PA Speaker with ED-606), maintenance (2.4GHz Wireless Ceiling Speaker PA System), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,High Quality Phena), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Manufacturer Supply Raw Material Levamisole Powder CAS 14769-73-4, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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